Form: 20-F

Annual and transition report of foreign private issuers pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d)

September 19, 2023

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UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549
______________________________________________________
Form 20-F
______________________________________________________
(Mark One)
¨ REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
x ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023
OR
¨ TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
¨ SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report
Commission file number 001-38607
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
ENDAVA PLC
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter
and translation of Registrant’s name into English)
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
England and Wales
(Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)
125 Old Broad Street,
London EC2N 1AR
(Address of principal executive offices)
John Cotterell
Chief Executive Officer
Endava PLC
125 Old Broad Street,
London EC2N 1AR
Tel: +44 20 7367 1000
Email: investors@endava.com
(Name, Telephone, E-mail and/or Facsimile number and Address of Company Contact Person)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act.
Title of each class Trading Symbol(s)   Name of each exchange on which registered
American Depositary Shares, each representing the right to receive one Class A ordinary share, nominal value £0.02 per share
DAVA   New York Stock Exchange
Class A ordinary shares, nominal value £0.02 per share*
  New York Stock Exchange
 
* Not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of the American Depositary Shares.
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act. None
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act. None
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report.
Ordinary shares, nominal value £0.02 per ordinary share: 57,750,989, as of June 30, 2023. As of June 30, 2023, 41,810,877 Class A ordinary shares and 15,940,112 Class B ordinary shares were outstanding.




Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
x Yes
¨ No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
¨ Yes
x No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
x Yes
¨ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).
x Yes
¨ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or an emerging growth company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer x
Accelerated filer ¨
Non-accelerated filer ¨
Emerging growth company ¨
If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨
† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has filed a report on and attestation to its management’s assessment of the effectiveness of its internal control over financial reporting under Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (15 U.S.C. 7262(b)) by the registered public accounting firm that prepared or issued its audit report. x
If securities are registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act, indicate by check mark whether the financial statements of the registrant included in the filing reflect the correction of an error to previously issued financial statements. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether any of those error corrections are restatements that required a recovery analysis of incentive-based compensation received by any of the registrant’s executive officers during the relevant recovery period pursuant to §240.10D-1(b). ¨
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
U.S. GAAP ¨
International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by the International Financial Reporting Standards Board x
Other ¨
If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow.
Item 17 ¨
Item 18 ¨
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
¨ Yes
x No




TABLE OF CONTENTS
i


F-1
ii



CERTAIN DEFINED TERMS AND PRESENTATION OF FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires, all references in this Annual Report on Form 20-F to the terms “Endava,” “Endava Limited,” “Endava plc,” the “Group,” the “Company,” “we,” “us,” and “our” refer to (i) Endava Limited and our wholly-owned subsidiaries for all periods prior to the re-registration of Endava Limited as a public limited company and (ii) Endava plc and our wholly-owned subsidiaries for all periods after the re-registration of Endava Limited as a public limited company.
Our fiscal year ends on June 30. Our audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards, or IFRS, as issued by the International Accounting Standards Board, or IASB. None of our financial statements were prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States, or U.S. GAAP.
Our financial information is presented in British Pounds. For the convenience of the reader, in this Annual Report on Form 20-F, unless otherwise indicated, translations from British Pounds into U.S. dollars were made at the rate of £1.00 to $1.2619, which was the rate in effect on June 30, 2023. Such U.S. dollar amounts are not necessarily indicative of the amounts of U.S. dollars that could actually have been purchased upon exchange of British Pounds at the dates indicated. All references in this Annual Report on Form 20-F to “$” mean U.S. dollars and all references to “£” and “GBP” mean British Pounds.
We have made rounding adjustments to some of the figures included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. Accordingly, numerical figures shown as totals in some tables may not be an arithmetic aggregation of the figures that preceded them.
iii


CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 20-F contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements. Many of the forward-looking statements contained in this Annual Report on Form 20-F can be identified by the use of forward-looking words such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “could,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “plan,” “potential” and “should,” among others.
Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this Annual Report on Form 20-F and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding our intent, belief, or current expectations. Forward-looking statements are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Such statements are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, and actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied in the forward-looking statements due to various important factors, including, but not limited to, those identified under “Risk Factors.” In light of the significant uncertainties in these forward-looking statements, you should not regard these statements as a guarantee by us or any other person that we will achieve our objectives and plans in any specified time frame, or at all.
Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:
our ability to sustain our revenue growth rate in the future;
our ability to retain existing clients and attract new clients, including our ability to increase revenue from existing clients and diversify our revenue concentration;
our ability to attract and retain highly-skilled IT professionals at cost-effective rates;
our ability to successfully identify acquisition targets, consummate acquisitions and successfully integrate acquired businesses and personnel;
our ability to penetrate new industry verticals and geographies and grow our revenue in current industry verticals and geographies;
our ability to maintain favorable pricing and utilization rates;
the effects of increased competition as well as innovations by new and existing competitors in our market;
the size of our addressable market and market trends;
our ability to adapt to technological change and innovate solutions for our clients;
our plans for growth and future operations, including our ability to manage our growth;
our expectations of future operating results or financial performance;
our ability to effectively manage our international operations, including our exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;
our future financial performance, including trends in revenue, cost of sales, gross profit, selling, general and administrative expenses, finance income and expense and taxes;
the impact of unstable market and economic conditions, including as a result of recent and potential future bank failures, actual or anticipated changes in interest rates, economic inflation and the responses by central banking authorities to control such inflation;
the impact of political instability, natural disaster, events of terrorism and wars, including the military conflict between Ukraine and Russia and related sanctions; and
other risks and uncertainties, including those listed in the section of this Annual Report titled “Item 3.D—Risk Factors.”
iv


Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date they are made, and we do not undertake any obligation to update them in light of new information or future developments or to release publicly any revisions to these statements in order to reflect later events or circumstances or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
In addition, statements that “we believe” and similar statements reflect our beliefs and opinions on the relevant subject. These statements are based upon information available to us as of the date of this Annual Report on Form 20-F and while we believe such information forms a reasonable basis for such statements, such information may be limited or incomplete, and our statements should not be read to indicate that we have conducted an exhaustive inquiry into, or review of, all relevant information. These statements are inherently uncertain and investors are cautioned not to unduly rely upon these statements.
You should read this Annual Report on Form 20-F and the documents that we reference herein and have filed as exhibits to this Annual Report on Form 20-F, completely and with the understanding that our actual future results may be materially different from what we expect. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.
v


MARKET AND INDUSTRY DATA
Certain industry data and market data included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F were obtained from independent third-party surveys, market research, publicly available information, reports of governmental agencies, and industry publications and surveys. All of the market data used in this Annual Report on Form 20-F involves a number of assumptions and limitations, and you are cautioned not to give undue weight to such estimates. We believe that the information from these industry publications and surveys included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F is reliable. The industry in which we operate is subject to a high degree of uncertainty and risk due to a variety of factors, including those described in “Risk Factors.” These and other factors could cause results to differ materially from those expressed in the estimates made by the independent parties and by us.
vi


PART 1
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers
Not Applicable.
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
Item 3. Key Information
A. [Reserved]
B. Capitalization and Indebtedness
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds
Not applicable.
D. Risk Factors
Our business faces significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this annual report and in our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, including the following risk factors which we face and which are faced by our industry. Our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. This report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our results could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, as a result of certain factors including the risks described below and elsewhere in this report and our other SEC filings. See “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” above.
Summary of Selected Risks Associated with Our Business
Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to maintain favorable pricing.
We may not be able to sustain our revenue growth rate in the future.
Increased inflation rates in the regions in which we operate may reduce our margins, profitability and financial performance.
Our revenue, margins, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected if general economic conditions in Europe, the United States or the global economy worsen.
If we fail to meet publicly announced guidance, or if we fail to forecast our market opportunity accurately, our operating results could be adversely affected, and the price of our ADSs could decline.
If our information technology systems or data, or those of third parties upon which we rely, are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not limited to disruption of our operations or ability to provide our services; regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse consequences.
If we provide inadequate service or cause disruptions in our clients’ businesses, it could result in significant costs to us, the loss of our clients and damage to our corporate reputation.
Our contracts could be unprofitable.
Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities and have a negative impact on our reputation or business.
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Our revenue is dependent on a limited number of industry verticals, and any decrease in demand for technology services in these verticals or our failure to effectively penetrate new verticals could adversely affect our results of operations.
We use generative AI tools in our operations, which may result in significant operational challenges, legal liability, reputational harm and competitive risks
We may be subject to liability claims for actual or perceived breaches of our contracts, which may not contain limitations of liability, and our insurance may be inadequate to cover our losses.
We are subject to stringent and evolving laws, regulations, rules, self-regulatory standards, policies, contractual obligations, and other obligations regarding privacy and data security matters, including in the European Union and the United Kingdom, where we have material operations. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could expose us to regulatory investigations or actions, litigation, fines and penalties or other financial liabilities, disruption of our business operations, reputational harm, loss of revenue or profit, loss of customers or sales and/or adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.
We are dependent on our existing client base and our ability to retain such clients.
Our results of operations may be negatively impacted by the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine and related economic sanctions.
We must attract and retain highly-skilled IT professionals.
We are focused on growing our client base in North America and Europe and may not be successful.
We may be unable to effectively manage our rapid growth or achieve anticipated growth, which could place significant strain on our management personnel, systems and resources.
If we do not continue to innovate and remain at the forefront of emerging technologies and related market trends, we may lose clients and not remain competitive.
We are dependent on members of our senior management team and other key employees.
We must maintain adequate employee utilization rates and productivity levels.
Our sales of services, operating results or profitability may experience significant variability and our past results may not be indicative of our future performance.
Recent acquisitions and potential future acquisitions could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value and strain our resources.
We operate in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects and may increase the risk that we will not continue to be successful.
We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, a long selling and implementation cycle with respect to certain projects that require us to make significant resource commitments prior to realizing revenue for our services.
We may not receive sufficient intellectual property rights from our employees and contractors to comply with our obligations to our clients and we may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property.
We use third-party software, hardware and software-as-a-service, or SaaS, technologies from third parties that may be difficult to replace or that may cause errors or defects in, or failures of, the services or solutions we provide, which could result in material adverse consequences.
We incorporate third-party open source software into our client deliverables and our failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could adversely impact our clients and create potential liability.
Our performance and reputation could be adversely affected by increased focus on and demands from customers, investors and regulators with respect to ESG issues and we may be criticized or penalized for the timing, nature or scope of our ESG disclosures as regulatory standards evolve.
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Changes in laws, regulations, rules or other obligations related to the internet or changes in the internet infrastructure itself may provide various risks, including privacy risks, and thus diminish the demand for our services, and could have a negative impact on our business.
Our ability to expand our business and procure new contracts or enter into beneficial business arrangements could be affected to the extent we enter into agreements with clients containing non-competition clauses.
We generally do not have long-term commitments from our clients, and our clients may terminate engagements before completion or choose not to enter into new engagements with us.
Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and the price of our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs.
Our international operations involve risks that could increase our expenses, adversely affect our results of operations and require increased time and attention from our management.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Changes and uncertainties in the tax system in the countries in which we have operations could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Emerging markets are subject to greater risks than more developed markets, and financial turmoil in any emerging market could disrupt our business.
If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired, and the trading price of our ADSs may be negatively impacted.
The price of our ADSs may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.
Shareholder protections found in provisions under the U.K. City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, or the Takeover Code, will not apply if our place of management and control is considered to change to outside the United Kingdom.
The dual class structure of our ordinary shares has the effect of concentrating voting control for the foreseeable future, which will limit your ability to influence corporate matters.
The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
Holders of our ADSs have fewer rights than our shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise their rights.
Claims of U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us.
We may lose our foreign private issuer status, which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act's domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future and, as a result, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our ADSs.
Risks Related to Our Business and Industry
Our profitability could suffer if we are not able to maintain favorable pricing.

Our profitability and operating results are dependent on the rates we are able to charge for our services. Our rates are affected by a number of factors, including:
our clients’ perception of our ability to add value through our services;
our competitors’ pricing policies;
bid practices of clients and their use of third-party advisors;
the ability of large clients to exert pricing pressure;
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employee wage levels and increases in compensation costs;
employee utilization levels;
our ability to charge premium prices when justified by market demand or the type of service; and
general economic conditions, including the impact of increased rates of inflation.
If we are not able to maintain favorable pricing for our services, our ability to win contracts could suffer. Alternatively, if we continue to offer pricing that is favorable to our clients but is unfavorable to us, we may face reduced margins and profitability if the rate of inflation increases and we absorb additional costs into our business. Ultimately, if we are unable to strategically set the rates that we charge for our services, to ensure that they continue to be both attractive to clients but also commensurate with the inflationary pressures on our business, our profitability and operating results may suffer.
We may not be able to sustain our revenue growth rate in the future.
We have experienced rapid revenue growth in recent years. Our revenue increased by 21.4% to £794.7 million in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, and had increased by 46.7% in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022 compared to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021. We may not be able to sustain revenue growth consistent with our recent history or at all. You should not consider our revenue growth in recent periods as indicative of our future performance. As we grow our business, we expect our revenue growth rates to decrease in future periods due to a number of factors, which may include slowing demand for our services, increasing competition, decreasing growth of our overall market, adverse global economic or geopolitical conditions including changes in inflation and weakening global economic growth, our inability to engage and retain a sufficient number of IT professionals or otherwise scale our business, increasing prevailing wages in the markets in which we operate or our failure, for any reason, to capitalize on growth opportunities.
If our information technology systems or data, or those of third parties upon which we rely, are or were compromised, we could experience adverse consequences resulting from such compromise, including but not limited to disruption of our operations or ability to provide our services; regulatory investigations or actions; litigation; fines and penalties; disruptions of our business operations; reputational harm; loss of revenue or profits; loss of customers or sales; and other adverse consequences.
In the ordinary course of business, we often have to collect, store and process (defined above) personal data and other sensitive information, including proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, source code, intellectual property, sensitive third-party data, and customer data (including proprietary and confidential information of our customers and our customers’ customers, including their confidential business data and intellectual property). We and the third parties upon which we rely face a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to ransomware attacks, which could cause security incidents, disrupt our operations, result in the loss or exposure of sensitive information, regulatory actions, fines, penalties, reputational loss, a loss of customers and loss of revenue or profits.
Cyberattacks, malicious internet-based activity, online and offline fraud, and other similar activities threaten the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of our sensitive information and information technology systems, and those of the third parties upon which we rely. Such threats are prevalent and continue to rise, are increasingly difficult to detect, and come from a variety of sources, including traditional computer “hackers,” threat actors, “hacktivists,” organized criminal threat actors, personnel (such as through theft or misuse), sophisticated nation states, and nation-state-supported actors. Some actors now engage and are expected to continue to engage in cyberattacks, including without limitation nation-state actors for geopolitical reasons and in conjunction with military conflicts and defense activities. During times of war and other major conflicts, we and the third parties upon which we rely may be vulnerable to a heightened risk of these attacks, including retaliatory cyberattacks, that could materially disrupt our systems and operations, supply chain, and ability to produce, sell and distribute our goods and services. For example, we have employees and clients located in potentially unstable regions and regions experiencing (or expected to experience) geopolitical or other conflicts, including Moldova, a neighboring country of Ukraine (which was attacked by Russia in February 2022 through various means, including cyberattacks).
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We and the third parties upon which we rely may be subject to a variety of evolving threats, including but not limited to social-engineering attacks (including through deep fakes, which may be increasingly more difficult to identify as fake, and phishing attacks), malicious code (such as viruses and worms), malware (including as a result of advanced persistent threat intrusions), denial-of-service attacks (such as credential stuffing), personnel misconduct or error, ransomware attacks, supply-chain attacks, software bugs, server malfunctions, software or hardware failures, loss of data or other information technology assets, adware, telecommunications and internet infrastructure failures, and other similar threats. Like many companies, any significant failure of our equipment or systems, or any major disruption to basic infrastructure like power and telecommunications in the locations in which we operate, could impede our ability to provide our solutions and services to our customers. We may not be able to consistently maintain active voice and data communications between our various global operations and with our clients due to disruptions in telecommunication networks and power supply, or system failures. Any significant failure in our ability to communicate could result in a disruption in business, which could hinder our performance and our ability to complete projects on time. Such failure to perform on client contracts could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, business, results of operations and financial condition and the market price of our American Depositary Shares, or ADSs. Additionally, severe ransomware attacks are becoming increasingly prevalent and can lead to significant interruptions in our operations, loss of sensitive data and income, reputational harm, and diversion of funds. Extortion payments may alleviate the negative impact of a ransomware attack, but we may be unwilling or unable to make such payments due to, for example, applicable laws or regulations prohibiting such payments.
Additionally, our workforce has transitioned from being based primarily in our offices or at client sites to a hybrid working model. We anticipate that a significant number of our employees will continue to work from home at least part time, as part of this hybrid working model. This model has increased risks to our information technology systems and data, as more of our employees utilize network connections, computers, and devices outside our premises or network, including working at home, while in transit and in public locations. Our operations could also be materially adversely affected by interruptions in internet service or power at employee residences. Additionally, the services we provide are often critical to our clients’ businesses and the level of criticality has increased in some cases as a result of our customer’s increased reliance on digital systems due to new hybrid ways of working. Future or past business transactions (such as acquisitions or integrations) could expose us to additional cybersecurity risks and vulnerabilities, as our systems could be negatively affected by vulnerabilities present in acquired or integrated entities’ systems and technologies.

Additionally, we rely on third-party service providers and technologies, such as third-party hardware and software (including SaaS applications) to operate critical business systems, including but not limited to processing sensitive information. For example, we may use the following third-party service providers and technologies to process sensitive information: cloud-based infrastructure, data center facilities, encryption and authentication technology, employee email, technology to facilitate content delivery to customers, and others. We may also rely on third-party service providers and technologies to provide other products, services, or otherwise, apart from processing sensitive information, that are critical to the general operation of our business. Our ability to monitor these third parties’ information security practices is limited, and these third parties may not have adequate information security measures in place. If our third-party service providers experience a security incident or other interruption, we could experience adverse consequences. In addition, supply-chain attacks have increased in frequency and severity, and we cannot guarantee that third parties’ infrastructure in our supply chain or our third-party partners’ supply chains have not been or will not be compromised.
Any of the previously identified or similar threats could cause a security incident or other interruption that could result in unauthorized, unlawful, or accidental acquisition, modification, destruction, loss, alteration, encryption, disclosure of, or access to our or our customers’ or our customers’ customers sensitive information or information technology systems, or those of the third parties upon whom we rely. A security incident or other interruption could disrupt our ability (and that of third parties upon whom we rely) to provide our services. We may spend significant resources to endeavor to protect against, detect, and/or mitigate vulnerabilities or security incidents, and applicable laws or other obligations may require us to implement specific measures. We may also expend significant resources to modify our business activities to try to protect against security incidents. Certain data privacy and security
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obligations may require us to implement and maintain specific security measures to protect our information technology systems and sensitive information. Additionally, certain of our client contracts require us to comply with certain security obligations, such as maintaining network security and backup data, ensuring our network is virus-free, maintaining business continuity planning procedures, and verifying the integrity of employees that work with our clients by conducting background checks.
We have implemented security measures designed to protect against security incidents, but there can be no assurance that these measures are or will be effective. We take steps to detect and remediate vulnerabilities but have not always been able in the past and may be unable in the future to detect vulnerabilities in our information technology systems because such threats and techniques change frequently, are often sophisticated in nature, and may not be detected until after a security incident has occurred. For example, we have from time to time experienced minor security incidents, including for example an employee who inadvertently extracted data from a customer’s system (no personal data was extracted). None of these incidents, to our knowledge, have required regulatory disclosures or notifications. Promptly after each incident's discovery, we took remedial actions to assess and contain the security incident and to evaluate the likelihood and severity of risks to personal data. In each such instance, we determined that there was no material impact to our business or financial condition nor to individual’s personal data. While we believe we responded appropriately, there can be no assurance that we were successful in implementing these remedial and preventative measures or successfully mitigating the effects of any future security incident. Further, we may experience delays in developing and deploying remedial measures designed to address any such identified vulnerabilities.

Applicable data privacy and security obligations may require us to notify relevant stakeholders, individuals, customers or our customers’ customers of security incidents. Such disclosures are costly, and the disclosure or the failure to comply with such requirements could lead to adverse consequences. Additionally, if we, a third party upon whom we rely, our customers or our customers’ customers experience a security incident or are perceived to have experienced a security incident, we may experience adverse consequences. These consequences may include: litigation exposure (including class action claims) and other claims for substantial damages against us; government enforcement actions (for example, investigations, regulatory fines, penalties, audits, inspections or intervention); additional reporting requirements and/or oversight; restrictions on processing sensitive information (including personal data); indemnification obligations; monetary fund diversions; interruptions in our operations (including availability of data); financial loss; loss of confidence in our security measures; reputational damage; negative publicity; reimbursement or other compensatory costs; additional compliance costs; and additional similar harms, and therefore could materially adversely affect our revenue, and results of operations, business and prospects, such as causing customers to stop using our services, deter new customers from using our services, and negatively impact our ability to grow and operate our business. If any person, including any of our personnel or former personnel or aforementioned threat actors, compromises our security or accidentally exposes our sensitive information, including our source code, or compromises the security, or accidentally exposes the sensitive information, including source code, of our customers’, our customers’ customers or other third party, or misappropriates such information, then we could be subject to significant liability from our customers, our customers’ customers or other third parties for breaching contractual provisions, including confidentiality, or applicable privacy and data security laws.
Additionally, the reliability of the systems that we develop and host for our customers is critical to our success. However, these systems could contain errors, defects, security vulnerabilities or software bugs that are difficult to detect and correct, particularly when such vulnerabilities are first introduced or when new versions of the systems are deployed. It may be costly and difficult to develop and deploy patches for vulnerabilities and delays in releasing patches or difficulties installing them may impact our customers’ or our customers’ customers ability to use systems and services, and result in security incidents. Additionally, some of our business depends upon our customer's appropriate and successful implementation of the systems that we develop and host for them. If our customers fail to implement or use these systems correctly, our customers may suffer a security incident or experience other adverse consequences. Additionally, any failure in a customer’s system, whether related to our solutions or services, could result in adverse consequences, including damage to our reputation or substantial damages against us. Even if such incidents are unrelated to our security practices, it could result in our incurring significant economic and operational costs in investigating, remediating, and implementing additional measures to further protect our customers, and could result in reputational harm, as well as other adverse consequences.
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In addition to experiencing a security incident, third parties may gather, collect, or infer sensitive information about us from public sources, data brokers, or other means that reveals competitively sensitive details about our organization and could be used to undermine our competitive advantage or market position.
Additionally, our sensitive information or that of our customers could be leaked, disclosed, or revealed as a result of or in connection with our employee’s, personnel’s, or vendor’s use of generative AI technologies. Any sensitive information (including confidential, competitive, proprietary, or personal data) that we input into a third-party generative AI/ML platform could be leaked or disclosed to others, including if sensitive information is used to train the third parties’ AI/ML model. Additionally, where an AI/ML model ingests personal data and makes connections using such data, those technologies may reveal other personal or sensitive information generated by the model.
Moreover, AI/ML models may create flawed, incomplete, or inaccurate outputs, some of which may appear correct. This may happen if the inputs that the model relied on were inaccurate, incomplete or flawed (including if a bad actor “poisons” the AI/ML with bad inputs or logic), or if the logic of the AI/ML is flawed (a so-called “hallucination”). We may use AI/ML outputs to make certain decisions. Due to these potential inaccuracies or flaws, the model could be biased and could lead us to make decisions that could bias certain individuals (or classes of individuals), and adversely impact their rights, employment, and ability to obtain certain pricing, products, services, or benefits. If such AI/ML-based outputs are deemed to be biased, we could face adverse consequences, including exposure to reputational and competitive harm, customer loss, and legal liability.
If we provide inadequate service or cause disruptions in our clients’ businesses, it could result in significant costs to us, the loss of our clients and damage to our corporate reputation.
Any defects or errors or failure to meet clients’ expectations in the performance of our contracts could result in claims for substantial damages against us. Our contracts generally limit our liability for damages that arise from negligent acts, error, mistakes or omissions in rendering services to our clients. However, we cannot be sure that these contractual provisions will protect us from liability for damages in the event we are sued. In addition, certain liabilities, such as claims of third parties for intellectual property infringement and breaches of data protection and security requirements, for which we may be required to indemnify our clients, could be substantial. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us in amounts greater than those covered by our current insurance policies could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Even if such assertions against us are unsuccessful, we may incur reputational harm and substantial legal fees. In addition, a failure or inability to meet a contractual requirement could seriously damage our corporate reputation and limit our ability to attract new business.
In certain instances, we guarantee clients that we will complete a project by a scheduled date or that we will maintain certain service levels. We are generally not subject to monetary penalties for failing to complete projects by the scheduled date, but may suffer reputational harm and loss of future business if we do not meet our contractual commitments. In addition, if the project experiences a performance problem, we may not be able to recover the additional costs we will incur, which could exceed revenue realized from a project.
Our contracts could be unprofitable.
We perform our services primarily under time-and-materials contracts (where materials costs consist of travel and out-of-pocket expenses). We charge out the services performed by our employees under these contracts at daily or hourly rates that are agreed at the time at which the contract is entered. The rates and other pricing terms negotiated with our clients are highly dependent on our internal forecasts of our operating costs and predictions of increases in those costs influenced by wage inflation and other marketplace factors, as well as the volume of work required by the client. Our predictions are based on limited data and could turn out to be inaccurate, resulting in contracts that may not be profitable. Typically, we do not have the ability to increase the rates established at the outset of a client project, other than on an annual basis and often subject to caps. Independent of our right to increase our rates on an annual basis, client expectations regarding the anticipated cost of a project may limit our ability to increase our rates for ongoing work.

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In addition to our time-and-materials contracts, we undertake some engagements on a fixed-price basis. Our pricing in fixed-price contracts is highly dependent on our assumptions and forecasts about the costs we expect to incur to complete the related project, which are based on limited data and could turn out to be inaccurate. Any failure by us to accurately estimate the resources, including the skills and seniority of our employees, required to complete a fixed-price contract on time and on budget, or any unexpected increase in the cost of our employees assigned to the related project, office space or materials could expose us to risks associated with cost overruns and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. In addition, any unexpected changes in economic conditions that affect any of the foregoing assumptions and predictions could render contracts that would have been favorable to us when signed unfavorable.
Our revenue is dependent on a limited number of industry verticals, and any decrease in demand for technology services in these verticals or our failure to effectively penetrate new verticals could adversely affect our results of operations.
Historically, we have focused on developing industry expertise and deep client relationships in a limited number of industry verticals. As a result, a substantial portion of our revenue has been generated by clients operating in the banking, capital markets, insurance and payments, or Payments and Financial Services, vertical and the technology, media and telecommunications, or TMT, vertical. The Payments and Financial Services and TMT verticals constituted 52.3% and 21.9%, 50.7% and 25.0%, and 50.7% and 27.1% of our revenue, respectively, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively. Our business growth largely depends on continued demand for our services from clients in Payments and Financial Services and TMT, and any slowdown or reversal of the trend to spend on technology services in these verticals could result in a decrease in the demand for our services.
We have also begun expanding our business into other verticals, such as consumer products, healthcare, mobility, insurance and retail. However, we have less experience in these verticals and there can be no assurance that we will be successful in penetrating these verticals. There may be competitors in these verticals that may be entrenched and difficult to dislodge. As a result of these and other factors, including increased spending controls by companies due to global economic conditions, our efforts to expand our client base may be expensive and may not succeed, and we therefore may be unable to grow our revenue. Failure to further penetrate our existing industry verticals or expand our client base in new verticals may materially adversely affect our revenue, financial condition and results of operations. Other developments, including impacts from the current period of economic uncertainty, the escalation of geopolitical tensions,the Russia-Ukraine conflict and other unfavorable global economic conditions including disruptions to trade and commerce, in the industries in which we operate may also lead to a decline in the demand for our services, and we may not be able to successfully anticipate and prepare for any such changes. For example, consolidation or acquisitions in the industry, particularly involving our clients, may adversely affect our business. Our existing and potential clients may experience rapid changes in their prospects, substantial price competition and pressure on their profitability. This, in turn, may result in increasing pressure on us to lower our prices, which could adversely affect our revenue, results of operations and financial condition.
We use generative AI tools in our operations, which may result in significant operational challenges, liability and reputational harm.
We use generative AI tools in our operations, including to generate software code that is incorporated into our client deliverables and to gain data-driven insights, build predictive models and develop intelligent systems, and expect to use generative AI tools in the future.
Generative AI refers to AI technology that creates new content (such as text, audio, data, images, video, software code) or Output, by leveraging content that the technology was trained on (e.g., through machine learning) in response to prompts submitted by a user, Prompts. Generative AI provides significant opportunities for new and efficient forms of content development, across a wide range of applications. However, generative AI is relatively new and the business, legal and ethical landscape regarding its use, commercialization and regulation is unsettled and constantly evolving. Uncertainty in the legal regulatory regime relating to AI may require significant resources to modify and maintain business practices to comply with relevant U.S. and non-U.S. laws. For further information on the AI regulatory framework see also the risk factor titled “We are subject to stringent and evolving laws, regulations, rules, self-regulatory standards, policies, contractual obligations, and other obligations regarding
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privacy and data security matters, including in the European Union and the United Kingdom, where we have material operations. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could expose us to regulatory investigations or actions, litigation, fines and penalties or other financial liabilities, disruption of our business operations, reputational harm, loss of revenue or profit, loss of customers or sales and/or adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.” While we have implemented policies to govern the use of generative AI tools by our personnel and any other person in the performance of services for our Company, the use of generative AI in aspects of our business may present material risks and challenges that could increase as generative AI tools become more prevalent.
Recent decisions of the U.S. Copyright Office suggest that we would not be able to claim copyright ownership in any Output, and the availability of such protection in other countries is unclear. In the United Kingdom, copyright law may protect works generated by a computer where there is no human creator, however to date there has been no judicial treatment of these computer-generated work considerations in the context of generative AI. Therefore, even in jurisdictions where copyright protection may be extended to AI-generated works, the ownership of any Outputs generated using generative AI tools may be subject to legal challenge. As a result, we may not be the legal owner of the Output, which in turn is likely to prevent or limit our ability and the ability of our clients to enforce our respective rights in the Output or mean that both our clients and us are unable to prevent others from copying it or reusing it, or unable to stop the provider of the generative AI tool from providing identical Outputs to third parties. The generative AI tool’s terms of service may also declare that the provider of the generative AI tool owns the Outputs, or that it retains a broad right to re-use the Outputs beyond the right to use the Outputs (and the Prompts) to train the generative AI tool.
In addition, we have little or no insight into the third-party content and materials used to train the generative AI tools, or the extent of the original works which remain in the Output. As a result, we and our clients may face claims from third parties alleging infringement of their intellectual property rights, or infringement of open-source licenses or other license terms. Open-source licenses have various conditions on the use of the source code, ranging from notice and attribution requirements to other more onerous provisions, such as an obligation to make any proprietary code linking to or derived from such open-source code available under the same license terms, which could have significant implications for our and our clients’ proprietary code. See also the risk factor titled “We incorporate third-party open source software into our client deliverables and our failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could adversely impact our clients and create potential liability.” We and our clients could also be subject to claims from the providers of the generative AI tools if the use of the Output or the tool is inconsistent with, or in breach of, the terms of use. Any of these claims could result in legal proceedings and liability for us or our clients, and could require us or our clients to purchase a costly license, comply with the requirements of open-source software license terms, limit or cease using the Output unless and until such Output is re-engineered to avoid infringement, or change the use of, or remove, the implicated Output. Our use of generative AI tools for software development may also present additional security risks because the generated source code may have been modelled from publicly available code, or otherwise not be subject to our internal controls. There is also a risk that “bad actors” may intend to influence training models to incorporate latent security issues, trojans, malware, or “inorganic” results in Outputs. Unlike open-source software which typically involves community oversight and review of contributions to open-source projects or other community-driven code, generative AI tools may not have the same oversight and review, increasing the risk of any widespread vulnerability or influence of algorithmic output by those with intentions that are against the interest of users or entire groups of users. In addition, AI algorithms may be flawed, and datasets may be insufficient or contain biased information, which could result in inaccurate Output, or Output that is discriminatory, unethical or biased.
Any of the foregoing events could adversely impact our business and the business of our clients, and, as a result, we may suffer significant reputational harm and we may face claims from our clients, including contractual claims if the agreement prohibits the use of AI-generated content in the deliverables and indemnification claims.
We also face risks in respect of any personal data or confidential or proprietary information of the Company which may be included in any Prompts. Whilst some generative AI tool operators offer an “enterprise” or “business” version with more customer-favourable confidentiality and security provisions, free-to-use generative AI tools do not typically have confidentiality or security obligations with respect to Prompts or Outputs. As a result, if our confidential information, or information of a third party to which we have an obligation to keep confidential, is
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included in the Prompt provided to the generative AI tool, the generative AI tool might disclose or reuse such confidential information, including re-creating the Output to others, or using the confidential information as training data for other Outputs, and we may not have the ability to prevent the generative AI tool from doing so. Additionally, there is the risk of personal data being included in a Prompt, which could result in such personal data being inappropriately transferred or processed. This could result in a breach of our obligations under applicable data protection laws, or contracts with our clients or other third parties, which could put us at risk of a fine from the relevant regulator and/or a claim for damages. For further information of data protection breaches and fines, see the risk factor titled “We are subject to stringent and evolving laws, regulations, rules, self-regulatory standards, policies, contractual obligations, and other obligations regarding privacy and data security matters, including in the European Union and the United Kingdom, where we have material operations. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could expose us to regulatory investigations or actions, litigation, fines and penalties or other financial liabilities, disruption of our business operations, reputational harm, loss of revenue or profit, loss of customers or sales and/or adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.”
The risks resulting from use of generative AI tools could be difficult to eliminate or manage, and, if not addressed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, reputation, results of operations, financial condition, and future prospects.
Our results of operations may be negatively impacted by the military conflict between Russia and Ukraine.

In late February 2022, Russian military forces launched a significant military action against Ukraine, which we refer to as the Russia-Ukraine conflict. This military conflict remains ongoing and has drawn significant backlash from other countries, including the imposition of financial and economic sanctions by Canada, the United Kingdom, the European Union, the United States and other countries and organizations against officials, individuals, regions and industries in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The conflict and related sanctions have resulted and could continue to result in disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability and supply chain continuity in both Europe and globally, and has introduced significant uncertainty into global markets.

While our business and operations have not thus far been significantly impacted, it is not possible to predict the broader or longer-term consequences of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on our business. For example, we have employees and clients based in Moldova, a neighboring country of Ukraine. If the armed conflict involving Russia and Ukraine were to spread to other countries such as Moldova, we may incur significant costs associated with assisting our employees with relocating to neighboring countries or providing other forms of aid. We may also lose clients or experience other disruptions of our business activities in the region including through interruptions to power, curfew measures imposed on our employees or due to staff displacement caused by attacks in the region. It is possible that clients will request that we provide services from countries other than Moldova.

Other consequences of the Russia-Ukraine conflict could include further sanctions, embargoes, regional instability, geopolitical shifts and adverse effects on macroeconomic conditions, security conditions, currency exchange rates and financial markets. Such geopolitical instability and uncertainty could have a negative impact on our ability to sell to, deliver to, collect payments from, and support clients in certain regions. This could be due to trade restrictions, embargoes and export control law restrictions, and logistics restrictions including closures of air space, which could increase the costs, risks and adverse impacts from supply chain and logistics challenges. There can be no assurance that the Russia-Ukraine conflict, including any resulting sanctions, export controls or other restrictive actions, will not have a material adverse impact on our future operations and results.
We must attract and retain highly-skilled IT professionals.

In order to sustain our growth, we must attract and retain a large number of highly-skilled and talented IT professionals. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, we increased our headcount by 210 employees, or 1.8%. Our business is people driven and, accordingly, our success depends upon our ability to attract, develop, motivate, retain and effectively utilize highly-skilled IT professionals in our delivery locations, which are principally located in European Union countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania and Slovenia), Central European countries (Bosnia & Herzegovina, Moldova, North Macedonia and Serbia), Latin America (Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and
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Uruguay) and South East Asia (Malaysia and Vietnam). We believe that there is significant competition for attracting technology professionals in the geographic regions in which our delivery centers are located and that such competition will continue for the foreseeable future. Increased hiring by technology companies and increasing worldwide competition for skilled technology professionals has led to a shortage in the availability of suitable personnel in the locations where we operate and hire. In addition, we are in a period of economic uncertainty and capital markets disruption following the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the Russia-Ukraine conflict and related sanctions, which could conceivably expand into the surrounding region. All of these factors may negatively impact our ability to recruit, hire and train the IT professionals we require to operate our business. As remote or flexible work options become more commonplace, potential candidates may choose to move to lower cost of living areas, which could negatively impact our ability to recruit appropriately skilled personnel for onsite positions. Moreover, we have observed increased wage expectations due to inflation and adverse global economic conditions. Such wage expectations could create challenges for our recruiting efforts in light of profitability considerations and margin requirements. Our ability to properly staff projects, maintain and renew existing engagements and win new business depends, in large part, on our ability to recruit, train and retain IT professionals in the areas where our delivery centers are located. Failure to hire, train and retain IT professionals in sufficient numbers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may pursue acquisition opportunities which may cause our business to suffer.

We may pursue acquisition opportunities to grow our business. We can offer no assurance that any such acquired businesses will prove to be successful and accretive to shareholder value. Among other negative effects, our pursuit of such business opportunities could reduce operating margins and require more working capital, subject us to additional laws and regulations and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows or results of operations.

We are focused on growing our client base in North America and Europe and may not be successful.

We are focused on geographic expansion, particularly in North America and Europe. In fiscal years 2023, 2022 and 2021, 32.5%, 34.8% and 31.4% of our revenue, respectively, came from clients in North America and 23.0%, 21.1% and 24.2% of our revenue, respectively, came from clients in Europe. From fiscal year 2022 to fiscal year 2023, our revenue from clients in North America and Europe increased by 13.2% and 32.3%, respectively, and from fiscal year 2021 to fiscal year 2022, our revenue from clients in North America and Europe increased by 62.8% and 27.8%, respectively. We have made significant investments to expand in North America, including our acquisitions of Velocity Partners LLC, or Velocity Partners, in December 2017, Five and Levvel in March 2021 and TLM Partners, Inc. in August 2023, which increased our sales presence in North America and added nearshore delivery capacity in Latin America. We have also made meaningful investments to expand in Europe, including our acquisitions of Intuitus Limited, or Intuitus, in November 2019, Exozet Berlin, or Exozet, in December 2019, Comtrade Digital Services, or CDS, in August 2020, Five in March 2021 and DEK in June 2023, which expanded our sales presence in Europe and expanded the services we can provide to clients. However, our ability to add new clients will depend on a number of factors, including the market perception of our services, our ability to successfully add nearshore delivery center capacity, pricing, competition, overall economic conditions, including factors such as market correction, economic downturn, recession or fears of recession, inflation, increased unemployment and negative impacts to the global supply chain. For example, global markets are experiencing volatility and disruption, high levels of inflation and interest rate fluctuations, as well as the market correction or other negative global economic conditions resulting from the escalation of geopolitical tensions and the Russia-Ukraine conflict and related sanctions which may slow down our revenue growth in North America and Europe and could materially negatively affect our expansion of business in these regions. In addition, due to recent large-scale layoffs in North America, particularly in the technology industry, there is the possibility that the increased availability of engineers in the employment market will reduce our demand, as clients may choose to have projects delivered in-house. If we are unable to retain existing clients and attract new clients in North America and Europe, we may be unable to grow our revenue and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
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We may be unable to effectively manage our rapid growth or achieve anticipated growth, which could place significant strain on our management personnel, systems and resources.
We have experienced rapid growth and significantly expanded our business over the past several years, both organically and through acquisitions. We intend to continue to grow our business in the foreseeable future and to pursue existing and potential market opportunities. We have also increased the size and complexity of the projects that we undertake for our clients and hope to continue being engaged for larger and more complex projects in the future. As we add new delivery sites, acquire new companies, introduce new services or enter into new markets, we may face new market, technological and operational risks and challenges with which we are unfamiliar, and we may not be able to mitigate these risks and challenges in an efficient manner. Further, following acquisitions, or as we expand into new markets or verticals, we may be unable to achieve the growth we anticipate in such markets or services, due to such technological and operational risks as well as the challenges of operational integration. In addition, the uncertainty and disruption resulting from the recent global economic growth slowdown and changes in inflation may negatively impact our growth opportunities as clients may reduce or postpone their technology spend and suitable acquisition opportunities may become more challenging. We may not be able to achieve our anticipated growth or successfully execute large and complex projects, which could materially adversely affect our revenue, results of operations, business and prospects.

Our future growth depends on us successfully recruiting, hiring and training IT professionals, expanding our delivery capabilities, adding effective sales staff and management personnel, adding service offerings, maintaining existing clients and winning new business. We have observed increased wage expectations on a global scale due to inflation and adverse global economic conditions. Such wage expectations could create challenges for our recruiting efforts in light of profitability considerations and margin expectations. We may also need to increase the levels of employee compensation more rapidly than in the past to remain competitive, and we may not be able to pass on these increased costs to our clients. Further, effective management of these and other growth initiatives will require us to continue to improve our infrastructure, execution standards and ability to expand services. As our Company grows, and we are required to add more employees and infrastructure to support our growth, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain our corporate culture. If we fail to maintain a culture that fosters career development, innovation, creativity and teamwork, we could experience difficulty in hiring and retaining IT professionals. Failure to manage growth effectively could have a material adverse effect on the quality of the execution of our engagements, our ability to attract and retain IT professionals and our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We face intense competition.
The market for technology and IT services is intensely competitive, highly fragmented and subject to rapid change and evolving industry standards and we expect competition to intensify. We believe that the principal competitive factors that we face are the ability to innovate; technical expertise and industry knowledge; end-to-end solution offerings; the ability to effectively incorporate rapidly emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, or AI, technology (including generative AI tools), in our operations and service offering; delivery location; price; reputation and track record for high-quality and on-time delivery of work; effective employee recruiting; training and retention; responsiveness to clients’ business needs; scale; and financial stability. With regard to our use of generative AI tools, see also “We use generative AI tools in our operations, which may result in significant operational challenges, liability and reputational harm”.

Our primary competitors include next-generation IT service providers, such as Globant S.A. and EPAM Systems, digital agencies and consulting companies, such as Ideo, McKinsey & Company and Publicis Sapient, global consulting and traditional IT services companies, such as Accenture PLC, Capgemini SE, Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and Tata Consultancy Services Limited, and in-house development by our clients of their technology and IT capabilities. Many of our competitors have substantially greater financial, technical and marketing resources and better name recognition than we do. As a result, they may be able to compete more aggressively on pricing or devote greater resources to the development and promotion of technology and IT services. Companies based in some emerging markets also present significant price competition due to their competitive cost structures and tax advantages.

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In addition, there are relatively few barriers to entry into our markets and we have faced, and expect to continue to face, competition from new market entrants. Further, there is a risk that our clients may elect to increase their internal resources to satisfy their service needs as opposed to relying on a third-party service provider, such as us. The technology services industry may also undergo consolidation, which may result in increased competition in our target markets from larger firms that may have substantially greater financial, marketing or technical resources, may be able to respond more quickly to new technologies or processes and changes in client demands, and may be able to devote greater resources to the development, promotion and sale of their services than we can. Increased competition could also result in price reductions, reduced operating margins and loss of our market share. We cannot be certain that we will be able to compete successfully with existing or new competitors or that competitive pressures will not materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.
If we do not continue to innovate and remain at the forefront of emerging technologies and related market trends, we may lose clients and not remain competitive.
Our success depends on delivering innovative solutions that leverage emerging technologies and emerging market trends to drive increased revenue. Technological advances and innovation are constant in the technology services industry. As a result, we must continue to invest significant resources to stay abreast of technology developments so that we may continue to deliver solutions that our clients will wish to purchase. If we are unable to anticipate technology developments, enhance our existing services or develop and introduce new services to keep pace with such changes and meet changing client needs, we may lose clients and our revenue and results of operations could suffer. Our results of operations would also suffer if our employees are not responsive to the needs of our clients, not able to help clients in driving innovation and not able to help our clients in effectively bringing innovative ideas to market. The increasing reliance on automation, AI, machine learning, or ML, and other new technologies by our clients may reduce the demand for our services if we are unable to incorporate these technologies into our offering, which may adversely impact our results of operations. Our competitors may be able to offer engineering, design and innovation services that are, or that are perceived to be, substantially similar or better than those we offer. This may force us to reduce our daily rates and to expend significant resources in order to remain competitive, which we may be unable to do profitably or at all. Because many of our clients and potential clients regularly contract with other IT service providers, these competitive pressures may be more acute than in other industries.
We are dependent on members of our senior management team and other key employees.
Our future success heavily depends upon the continued services of our senior management team, particularly our Chief Executive Officer John Cotterell, as well as other key senior-level employees. We currently do not maintain key man life insurance for any of the members of our senior management team or other key employees. We also do not have long-term employment contracts with all of our key employees. We are only entitled to six to 12 months’ prior notice if our executive officers intend to terminate their respective employment with us and three months’ prior notice if any of our other senior executives intend to terminate their respective employment with us. If one or more of our senior executives or key employees are unable or unwilling to continue in their present positions, it could disrupt our business operations, and we may not be able to replace them easily, on a timely basis or at all. In addition, competition for senior executives and key employees in our industry is intense, and we may be unable to retain our senior executives and key employees or attract and retain new senior executives and key employees in the future, in which case our business may be severely disrupted.
If any of our senior management team or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose clients, suppliers, know-how and IT professionals and staff members to them. Also, if any of our sales executives or other sales personnel, who generally maintain close relationships with our clients, joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose clients to that company, and our revenue may be materially adversely affected. Additionally, there could be unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge, business practices or procedures by such personnel. Any non-competition, non-solicitation or non-disclosure agreements we have with our senior executives or key employees might not provide effective protection to us in light of legal uncertainties associated with the enforceability of such agreements.
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Additionally, we have a number of current employees whose equity ownership in our company gives them a substantial amount of personal wealth. As a result, it may be difficult for us to continue to retain and motivate these employees. Further, many of our employees hold Class B ordinary shares that were subject to certain selling restrictions until July 2023. Following the expiration of these restrictions, holders of Class B ordinary shares are able to convert their Class B ordinary shares to Class A ordinary shares and sell the Class A ordinary shares in the market. Sales of our ADSs by our employees in the open market or the perception that such sales may occur may negatively impact the market price of our ADSs. The risk that our employees may sell ADSs in the open market may be made more acute given we do not anticipate paying dividends in the foreseeable future, meaning open market sales or sales in registered offerings may be our employees’ only means of generating liquidity from their ownership of our securities.
We must maintain adequate employee utilization rates and productivity levels.

Our profitability and the cost of providing our services are affected by our utilization rates of our employees in our delivery locations. If we are not able to maintain appropriate utilization rates for our employees involved in delivery of our services, our profit margin and our profitability may suffer. Our utilization rates are affected by a number of factors, including:
our ability to promptly transition our employees from completed projects to new assignments and to hire and integrate new employees;
our ability to forecast demand for our services (and which may be impacted due to the effects of unfavorable global economic conditions) and thereby maintain an appropriate number of employees in each of our delivery locations;

our ability to deploy employees with appropriate skills and seniority to projects;
our ability to manage the attrition of our employees; and
our need to devote time and resources to training, professional development and other activities that cannot be billed to our clients.
Our revenue could also suffer if we misjudge demand patterns, including as a result of uncertainties related to disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability and supply chain continuity, global public health pandemics, the Russia-Ukraine conflict and any other global economic and geopolitical conditions and do not recruit or sustain sufficient employees to satisfy demand. Employee shortages could prevent us from completing our contractual commitments in a timely manner and cause us to lose contracts or clients. Further, to the extent that we lack or fail to sustain sufficient employees with lower levels of seniority and daily or hourly rates, we may be required to deploy more senior employees with higher rates on projects without the ability to pass such higher rates along to our clients, which could adversely affect our profit margin and profitability.
Our business will suffer if we are not successful in delivering contracted services.
Our operating results are dependent on our ability to successfully deliver contracted services in a timely manner. We must consistently build, deliver and support complex projects. Failure to perform or observe any contractual obligations, including our inability to comply with local laws and regulations, could damage our relationships with our clients and could result in cancellation or non-renewal of a contract. Some of the challenges we face in delivering contracted services to our clients include:
maintaining high-quality control and process execution standards;
maintaining planned resource utilization rates on a consistent basis;
maintaining employee productivity and implementing necessary process improvements;
controlling costs;
maintaining close client contact and high levels of client satisfaction;
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maintaining physical and data security standards required by our clients;
recruiting and retaining sufficient numbers of skilled IT professionals; and
maintaining effective client relationships.
If we are unable to deliver on contracted services, our relationships with our clients will suffer and we may be unable to obtain new projects. In addition, it could damage our reputation, cause us to lose business, impact our margins and adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our sales of services, operating results or profitability may experience significant variability and our past results may not be indicative of our future performance.
Our operating results may fluctuate due to a variety of factors, many of which are outside of our control. As a result, comparing our operating results on a period-to-period basis may not be meaningful. Fluctuations in our operating results may be particularly pronounced in the current economic environment due to the economic slowdown, inflation and other financial uncertainties. You should not rely on our past results as an indication of our future performance.
Factors that are likely to cause these variations include:
the number, timing, scope and contractual terms of projects in which we are engaged;
delays in project commencement or staffing delays due to difficulty in assigning appropriately skilled or experienced professionals;
the accuracy of estimates on the resources, time and fees required to complete projects and costs incurred in the performance of each project;
inability to retain employees or maintain employee utilization levels;
changes in pricing in response to client demand and competitive pressures;
the business decisions of our clients regarding the use of our services or spend on technology;
the ability to further grow sales of services to existing clients;
seasonal trends and the budget and work cycles of our clients;
delays or difficulties in expanding our operational facilities or infrastructure;
our ability to estimate costs under fixed price contracts;
employee wage levels and increases in compensation costs;
unanticipated contract or project terminations;
the timing of collection of accounts receivable;
our ability to manage risk through our contracts;
the continuing financial stability of our clients;
changes in our effective tax rate;
fluctuations in currency exchange rates;
fluctuations in inflation rates;
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general economic conditions; including the recent and ongoing global slowdown in economic growth as well as high levels of inflation and interest rate fluctuations;

the impact of public health pandemics; and
the impact of unforeseen global and geopolitical events, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict.
As a result of these factors, our operating results may from time to time fall below our estimates or the expectations of public market analysts and investors.
Increases in our current levels of employee attrition may increase our operating costs and adversely affect our future business prospects.
The technology industry generally experiences a significant rate of turnover of its workforce. There is a limited pool of individuals who have the skills and training needed to help us grow our Company. We compete for such talented individuals not only with other companies in our industry but also with companies in other industries, such as software services, engineering services, financial services and technology generally, among others. As the technology industry increasingly embraces remote working practices and as employees become more dispersed, there is a risk that we will fail to maintain our unique culture. This may result in a perceived loss of quality and differentiation between us and our peers which may in turn make us a less attractive employer to existing and potential candidates. High attrition rates of personnel would increase our hiring and training costs and could have an adverse effect on our ability to complete our contracts in a timely manner, meet client objectives and expand our business.
Recent acquisitions and potential future acquisitions could prove difficult to integrate, disrupt our business, dilute shareholder value or strain our resources.

We have completed several acquisitions in the past year, including DEK Corporation Pty Ltd, DEK Technologies Sweden AB and DEK Technologies Vietnam Company Limited, or, together, DEK, in June 2023, Mudbath & Co Pty in May 2023 and Lexicon Digital Pty Ltd and Lexicon Consolidated Holdings Pty Ltd, or, together, Lexicon, in October 2022. In the future, we may acquire additional businesses that we believe could complement or expand our business. Realizing the benefits of acquisitions depends in part on the successful integration of operations and personnel. Integrating the operations of acquired businesses successfully or otherwise realizing any of the anticipated benefits of acquisitions, including anticipated cost savings and additional revenue opportunities, is complex and time-consuming and involves a number of potential challenges, including the effective and timely alignment of the acquired entity’s processes and systems with our processes and systems, including our internal controls over financial reporting. The failure to meet these integration challenges could seriously harm our financial condition and results of operations. Past acquisitions and any acquisitions we may complete in the future will give rise to certain risks and we may encounter unexpected difficulties or incur unexpected costs, including:

diversion of management attention from ongoing business concerns to integration matters;
lack of available staff to perform the integration in a timely manner or inability of staff to perform ongoing business activities due to their integration work;
consolidating and rationalizing information technology platforms and administrative infrastructures;
complexities associated with managing the geographic separation of the combined businesses and consolidating multiple physical locations;
retaining IT professionals and other key employees and achieving minimal unplanned attrition;
integrating personnel from different corporate cultures while maintaining focus on providing consistent, high quality service;
demonstrating to our clients and to clients of acquired businesses that the acquisition will not result in adverse changes in client service standards or business focus;
possible cash flow interruption or loss of profit as a result of transitional matters;
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inability to generate sufficient profit to offset acquisition and integration costs in a reasonable timeframe or at all; and
inability to achieve the operating synergies anticipated in the acquisitions.
Additionally, acquired businesses may have liabilities or adverse operating issues that we fail to discover through due diligence prior to the acquisition. In particular, to the extent that prior owners of any acquired businesses or properties failed to comply with or otherwise violated applicable laws or regulations, or failed to fulfil their contractual obligations to clients, we, as the successor owner, may be financially responsible for these violations and failures and may suffer financial or reputational harm or otherwise be adversely affected. Acquisitions also frequently result in the recording of goodwill and other intangible assets which are subject to potential impairment in the future that could harm our financial results. We may also become subject to new regulations as a result of an acquisition, including if we acquire a business serving clients in a regulated industry or acquire a business with clients or operations in a country in which we do not already operate. In addition, if we finance acquisitions by issuing convertible debt or equity securities, our existing shareholders may be diluted, which could affect the market price of our ADSs. As a result, if we fail to properly evaluate acquisitions or investments, we may not achieve the anticipated benefits of any such acquisitions, and we may incur costs in excess of what we anticipate. Acquisitions frequently involve benefits related to the integration of operations of the acquired business. The failure to successfully integrate the operations or otherwise to realize any of the anticipated benefits of the acquisition could seriously harm our results of operations.
We operate in a rapidly evolving industry, which makes it difficult to evaluate our future prospects.
The technology services industry is competitive and continuously evolving and is subject to rapidly changing demands and constant technological developments. As a result, success and performance metrics are difficult to predict and measure in our industry. Because services and technologies are rapidly evolving and each company within the industry can vary greatly in terms of the services it provides, its business model, and its results of operations, it can be difficult to predict how any company’s services, including ours, will be received in the market. This has been highlighted by the recent rapid increase in interest in AI and ML technologies. Neither our past financial performance nor the past financial performance of any other company in the technology services industry is indicative of how our Company will fare financially in the future. Our future profits may vary substantially from those of other companies and those we have achieved in the past, making an investment in our company risky and speculative. If our clients’ demand for our services declines as a result of economic conditions, market factors or shifts in the technology industry, our business would suffer and our results of operations and financial condition would be adversely affected.

We may be subject to liability claims for actual or perceived breaches of our contracts, which may not contain limitations of liability, and our insurance may be inadequate to cover our losses.
We are subject to numerous obligations, including indemnity obligations, in our contracts with our clients and suppliers. Despite the procedures, systems and internal controls we have implemented to comply with our contracts, we may breach these commitments, whether through a failure to comply with applicable laws or regulations, a weakness in our procedures, systems and internal controls, inability to prevent acts by third parties, such as cyber threat actors or negligence or the willful act of an employee or contractor. Additionally, a client may make a claim against us because they believe such a breach of contract occurred. Our contracts may not contain limitations of liability, and even where they do, there can be no assurance that limitations of liability in our contracts are sufficient to protect us from liabilities, damages, or claims related to our contractual obligations, including our privacy and security obligations. Additionally, our insurance policies, including, but not limited to, our professional indemnity (errors and omissions) and cyber and data security insurance policies, may be inadequate to insure us for the potentially significant losses that may result from claims arising from breaches of our contracts, security incidents, disruptions in our services, failures or disruptions to our infrastructure, catastrophic events and disasters or otherwise. In addition, such insurance may not be available to us in the future on economically reasonable terms, or at all. Further, our insurance may not cover all claims made against us and defending a suit or claim, regardless of its merit, could be costly and divert management’s attention.
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We are subject to stringent and evolving laws, regulations, rules, self-regulatory standards, policies, contractual obligations, and other obligations regarding privacy and data security matters, including in the European Union and the United Kingdom, where we have material operations. Our actual or perceived failure to comply with such obligations could expose us to regulatory investigations or actions, litigation, fines and penalties or other financial liabilities, disruption of our business operations, reputational harm, loss of revenue or profit, loss of customers or sales and/or adversely affect our ability to conduct our business.
In the ordinary course of business, we collect, receive, store, process, generate, use, transfer, disclose, make accessible, protect, secure, dispose of, transmit, and share (collectively, process) personal data and other sensitive information, including proprietary and confidential business data, trade secrets, source code, intellectual property, sensitive third-party data, and customer data (including proprietary and confidential information of our customers and our customers’ customers, such as their confidential business data and intellectual property). Our data processing activities may subject us to numerous laws, rules, regulations, guidance, external and internal privacy and security policies, contractual requirements, industry standards, and other obligations related to privacy and data security, including in the United Kingdom and European Union, where we have material operations, and other jurisdictions around the world.

European countries and the United Kingdom have imposed strict laws, regulations, directives and requirements for processing personal data, such as the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation, or EU GDPR, and the United Kingdom’s General Data Protection Regulation, or U.K. GDPR, and the Privacy and Electronic Communications Directive 2002/58/EC, or ePrivacy Directive. For example, both the EU GDPR and/or the U.K. GDPR, together referred to as GDPR, require covered companies to offer individuals certain rights over their personal data (such as the right to be forgotten), impose additional data breach notification requirements, requires companies to appoint data protection officers in certain circumstances, and impose additional recordkeeping obligations, in addition to other requirements. Penalties under these laws (and others) can be severe. In particular, under the GDPR we may face temporary or definitive bans on data processing and other corrective actions that could materially adversely impact our operations and ability to do business; fines of up to 20 million Euros or 17.5 million pounds (under the EU GDPR and the U.K. GDPR, respectively) or 4% of annual global revenue, whichever is greater; or private litigation related to processing of personal data brought by individual data subjects or groups of data subjects or consumer protection organizations authorized at law to represent their interests. Developments and changes in privacy and data security laws in the European Union and United Kingdom, including to the EU GDPR, U.K. GDPR, ePrivacy Directive, and EU or U.K. data breach laws, may more materially affect our operations than developments or changes to such laws in other jurisdictions because the majority of our operations (including employees) are based in the EU and U.K., we are headquartered in the United Kingdom, and we serve customers across Europe. Additionally, we may be subject to various privacy laws in the jurisdictions where we operate, including Australian privacy laws, such as the Privacy Act of 1988, as well as Canada’s Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act, or PIPEDA, and various related provincial laws, as well as Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation, or CASL. We also have operations in Asia, and may be subject to new and emerging data privacy regimes in the region, including Singapore’s Personal Data Protection Act or Vietnam Decree No. 13/2023/ND-CP on the Protection of Personal Data.

The European Union, United Kingdom and other jurisdictions have enacted laws requiring data to be localized, heavily conditioning or limiting the transfer of personal data to other countries. We may be unable to transfer personal data from Europe and other jurisdictions to different countries due to data localization laws, regulations, requirements or limitations on cross-border data flows. Although there are various mechanisms that may be used in some cases to lawfully transfer personal data from the United Kingdom, Europe and other jurisdictions to the different countries, these mechanisms are subject to legal challenges and may not be available to us. A prohibition or material limitation on our ability to transfer personal data to other countries could materially adversely impact our business operations. In particular, on July 10, 2023, the European Commission adopted an adequacy decision for the new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, which facilitates international transfers of personal data between the European Union and the United States, for companies that choose to self-certify with the framework and comply with its principles. However, the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework is expected to be subject to legal challenges and could be withdrawn if, for example, it is deemed not to provide an adequate level of protection to EU individuals. It is unclear how data transfers to and from the United States and the European Union will be regulated in the long term, which measures must be put in place for onward transfers to and from the United States and the European Union, and whether or not the EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework will provide a long-term solution to managing
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flows of personal data between the European Union and the United States. Although the United States and the United Kingdom agreed in principle to implement a similar transfer mechanism for data transfers from the United Kingdom to the United States, this mechanism may also be subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we will satisfy or rely on this measure to lawfully transfer personal data to the United States.

Although there are currently various mechanisms that may be used to transfer personal data from Europe to inadequate countries or to U.S.-based companies which did not self-certify to new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, such as the standard contractual clauses in the European Union and the United Kingdom, these mechanisms are complex to implement effectively and subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we can satisfy or rely on these measures to lawfully transfer personal data to such countries or recipients. The European Commission adopted an adequacy decision for the new EU-U.S. Data Privacy Framework, which facilitates international transfers of personal data between the European Union and the United States, for companies that choose to self-certify with the framework and comply with its principle, but the Framework may be subject to legal challenges and certifications may be withdrawn. Although the United States and the United Kingdom agreed in principle to implement a similar transfer mechanism for data transfers from the United Kingdom to the United States, this mechanism may also be subject to legal challenges, and there is no assurance that we will satisfy or rely on this measure to lawfully transfer personal data to the U.S. Other jurisdictions may adopt similarly stringent data localization and cross-border data transfer laws, or such laws may be stringently interpreted by regulators. If there is no lawful manner for us to transfer personal data from the United Kingdom, Europe or other jurisdictions to different countries, or if the requirements for a legally-compliant transfer are too onerous, we could face materially adverse consequences, including the interruption or degradation of our operations, the need to relocate part of or all of our business or data processing activities to other jurisdictions at significant expense, increased exposure to regulatory actions, substantial fines and penalties, the inability to transfer data and work with partners, vendors and other third parties, and injunctions against our processing or transferring of personal data necessary to operate our business. Notably, some European regulators have prevented companies from transferring personal data out of Europe for allegedly violating GDPR and the EU’s cross-border data transfer limitations. Additionally, some of our customer contracts may require us to host personal data locally, and this further complicates our ability to transfer and process personal data in order to provide our services, operate and earn revenue.

In the United States, federal, state, and local governments have enacted numerous privacy and data security laws, including consumer protection laws (e.g., Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act), data breach notification laws, and personal data privacy laws. For example, the federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, or HIPAA imposes specific requirements relating to the privacy, security, and transmission of individually identifiable health information, including on entities such as ours which are business associates under HIPAA. Various states have also implemented laws regulating the use and disclosure of individually identifiable health information. Additionally, some of our U.S. healthcare industry customers may rely on our solutions to protect information as required by HIPAA and related regulations. As another example, the California Consumer Privacy Act, as amended by the California Privacy Rights Act of 2020, or CPRA, collectively, the CCPA, applies to personal information of consumers, business representatives, and employees who are California residents, and requires businesses to provide specific disclosures in privacy notices and honor requests of such individuals to exercise certain privacy rights. The CCPA provides for administrative fines of up to $7,500 per violation and allows private litigants affected by certain data breaches to recover significant statutory damages. The CPRA expands the CCPA’s requirements including by adding a new right for individuals to correct their personal information and establishing a new regulatory agency to implement and enforce the law. Other states, such as Virginia, Utah and Colorado, have also passed comprehensive privacy laws, and similar laws are being considered in several other states. These developments may further complicate compliance efforts, and may increase legal risk and compliance costs for us, the third parties upon whom we rely, and our customers. Additionally, privacy and data security laws have been proposed at the federal, state, and local levels in recent years, which could further complicate compliance efforts.
Our employees and personnel may use generative AI technologies to perform their work, and the disclosure and use of personal information in generative AI technologies is subject to various privacy laws and other privacy obligations. Governments have passed and are likely to pass additional laws regulating generative AI. Our use of this technology could result in additional compliance costs, regulatory investigations and actions, and consumer
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lawsuits. If we are unable to use generative AI, it could make our business less efficient and result in competitive disadvantages. Furthermore, the use of AI and machine learning, or ML, in our operations and service offerings are subject to privacy and data security laws, as well as increasing regulation and scrutiny. Several jurisdictions around the globe, including Europe and certain U.S. states, have proposed or enacted laws governing AI and ML and we expect other jurisdictions will adopt similar laws. For example, European regulators have proposed a stringent AI regulation, that, if adopted, could impose onerous obligations related to the use of AI-related systems and may require us to change our business practices to comply with such obligations. Additionally, certain privacy laws extend rights to consumers (such as the right to delete certain personal data) and regulate automated decision making, which may be incompatible with our use of AI and ML in our service offering. These obligations may make it harder for us to conduct our business using AI and ML, lead to regulatory fines or penalties, require us to change our business practices, retrain our AI and ML, or prevent or limit our use of AI and ML. For example, the Federal Trade Commission has required other companies to turn over (or disgorge) valuable insights or trainings generated through the use of AI and ML where they allege the company has violated privacy and consumer protection laws. If we cannot use AI and ML or that use is restricted, our business may be less efficient, or we may be at a competitive disadvantage.
In addition to privacy and data security laws, we may be contractually subject to industry standards adopted by industry groups and may become subject to such obligations in the future. We may also be bound by contractual obligations related to data privacy and security, and our efforts to comply with such obligations may not be successful. For example, certain privacy laws, such as the GDPR and the CCPA, require our customers to impose specific contractual restrictions on their processors or service providers. We may publish privacy policies, marketing materials and other statements, such as compliance with certain certifications or self-regulatory principles, including to our customers and others regarding data privacy and security. If these policies, materials or statements are found to be deficient, lacking in transparency, deceptive, unfair, or misrepresentative of our practices, we may be subject to investigation, enforcement actions by regulators or other adverse consequences.

Obligations related to privacy and data security are quickly changing, becoming increasingly stringent, and creating regulatory uncertainty. Additionally, these obligations may be subject to differing applications and interpretations, which may be inconsistent or conflict among jurisdictions. Preparing for and complying with these obligations requires us to devote significant resources. These obligations may necessitate changes to our services, information technologies, systems, and practices and to those of any third parties that process personal data on our behalf. We may at times fail (or be perceived to have failed) in our efforts to comply with our data privacy and security obligations. Moreover, despite our efforts, our personnel or third parties on whom we rely may fail to comply with such obligations, which could negatively impact our business operations.
Any failure or perceived failure by us or the third parties on which we rely to comply with applicable privacy or data security obligations could result in significant consequences, including governmental investigations and enforcement actions (e.g., fines, penalties, audits, inspections, and similar), litigation (including class-action claims) or other claims, additional reporting requirements and/or oversight, bans on processing personal data, orders to destroy or not use personal data, and fines and penalties. In particular, plaintiffs have become increasingly more active in bringing privacy-related claims against companies, including class claims and mass arbitration demands. Some of these claims allow for the recovery of statutory damages on a per violation basis, and, if viable, carry the potential for monumental statutory damages, depending on the volume of data and the number of violations. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business or financial condition, including but not limited to: adverse publicity, loss of trust in us by our clients and partners, reputational harm, inability to process personal data or to operate in certain jurisdictions, expenditure of time and resources to defend any claim or inquiry, and interruptions or stoppages in our business operations.

Further, any failure of us to correct business processed that is departing from privacy compliant legal obligations, or any failure of us to adopt or implement business processes that are ensuring compliance with applicable privacy laws, constitute a risk that should be mitigated by adequate efforts brought synergic by various internal teams (legal, compliance, audit, business processes and training).
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We are dependent on our existing client base and our ability to retain such clients.
A significant percentage of our revenue comes from our existing client base. For example, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, 93.0% of our revenue came from clients from whom we generated revenue during the prior fiscal years. Additionally, during the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our 10 largest clients accounted for 32.8%, 33.8% and 34.9% of our revenue, respectively. However, the volume of work performed for a specific client is likely to vary from year to year, especially since we generally do not have long-term commitments from our clients and are often not our clients’ exclusive technology services provider. A major client in one year may not provide the same level of revenue for us in any subsequent years. Further, one or more of our significant clients could be acquired and there can be no assurance that the acquirer would choose to use our services to the same degree as previously, if at all. In particular, some of our clients are owned by private equity firms and are, therefore, inherently more likely to be sold at some point in the future.
In addition, the services we provide to our clients, and the revenue and income from those services, may decline or vary as the type and quantity of services we provide changes over time. Our reliance on any individual client for a significant portion of our revenue may give that client a certain degree of pricing leverage against us when negotiating contracts and terms of service. In order to successfully perform and market our services, we must establish and maintain long-term relationships with our clients and develop a thorough understanding of their businesses.
We anticipate that a limited number of clients will continue to account for a significant portion of our revenue in any given fiscal year for the foreseeable future and, in some cases, a portion of our revenue attributable to an individual client may increase in the future. There can be no assurance that we will be successful in maintaining our relationship with and successfully obtaining new engagements from our existing clients or achieve our revenue growth and other financial goals as a result.
Additionally, if our existing client base, notably our largest clients, are adversely impacted by current or future adverse global economic or geopolitical conditions and disruptions to trade, commerce, pricing stability, credit availability and supply chain continuity in both Europe and globally, then we may experience a decrease in demand, delays in payment or postponement of projects, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.
We have in the past experienced, and may in the future experience, a long selling and implementation cycle with respect to certain projects that require us to make significant resource commitments prior to realizing revenue for our services.
We have experienced, and may in the future experience, a long selling cycle with respect to certain projects that require significant investment of human resources and time by both our clients and us. Before committing to use our services, potential clients may require us to expend substantial time and resources educating them on the value of our services and our ability to meet their requirements. Therefore, our selling cycle is subject to many risks and delays over which we have little or no control, including our clients’ decision to choose alternatives to our services (such as other technology and IT service providers or in-house resources) and the timing of our clients’ budget cycles and approval processes. If our sales cycle unexpectedly lengthens for one or more projects, it would negatively affect the timing of our revenue and hinder our revenue growth. For certain clients, we may begin work and incur costs prior to executing the contract. A delay in our ability to obtain a signed agreement or other persuasive evidence of an arrangement, or to complete certain contract requirements in a particular quarter, could reduce our revenue in that quarter or render us entirely unable to collect payment for work already performed.
Implementing our services also involves a significant commitment of resources over an extended period of time from both our clients and us. Our clients may experience delays in obtaining internal approvals or delays associated with technology, thereby further delaying the implementation process. Our current and future clients may not be willing or able to invest the time and resources necessary to implement our services, and we may fail to close sales with potential clients to which we have devoted significant time and resources. In addition, it is possible that our current and future clients will try to reduce their investment and dependency on human resources, and, in turn, us, by adopting AI and ML initiatives. We may therefore incur additional costs in delivering these specific AI or ML environments, specific to each client or prospective client, which may also negatively affect future revenue. Any
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significant failure to generate revenue or delays in recognizing revenue after incurring costs related to our sales or services process could materially adversely affect our business.
Our business depends on a strong brand and corporate reputation.
Since many of our client engagements involve highly tailored solutions, our corporate reputation is a significant factor in our existing and prospective clients’ determination of whether to engage us. We believe the Endava brand name and our reputation are important corporate assets that help distinguish our services from those of our competitors and also contribute to our efforts to recruit and retain talented IT professionals. However, our corporate reputation is susceptible to damage by actions or statements made by current or former clients or employees, competitors, vendors and adversaries in legal proceedings, as well as members of the investment community and the media. Our reputation may also be damaged if the brand or corporate reputation of one of the companies that we have recently acquired suffers due to actions or statements of this nature being made against the relevant group entity.
In addition, we have made numerous acquisitions in recent periods, which require us to rebrand various parts of our business as we integrate newly acquired companies into our group. Such acquisitions and brand evolutions may result in us having less control over our brand and its reputation. Despite us conducting due diligence prior to making an acquisition, there remains a risk that an unfavorable reputational issue may emerge following the completion of an acquisition.

There is a risk that negative information about our company, even if based on false rumor or misunderstanding, could adversely affect our business. In particular, damage to our reputation could be difficult and time-consuming to repair, could make potential or existing clients reluctant to select us for new engagements, resulting in a loss of business, and could adversely affect our employee recruitment and retention efforts. Damage to our reputation could also reduce the value and effectiveness of our Endava brand name and could reduce investor confidence in us and adversely affect our operating results.

Our cash flows and results of operations may be adversely affected if we are unable to collect on billed and unbilled receivables from clients.
Our business depends on our ability to effectively bill and successfully obtain payment from our clients of the amounts they owe us for work performed. We evaluate the financial condition of our clients and usually bill and collect on relatively short cycles. We maintain provisions against receivables. Actual losses on client balances could differ from those that we currently anticipate and, as a result, we may need to adjust our provisions. We may not accurately assess the creditworthiness of our clients. Macroeconomic conditions, such as the global economic slowdown, changing inflation rates, a potential credit crisis in the global financial system and the economic effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, have resulted and could continue to result in financial difficulties for our clients, including limited access to the credit markets, insolvency or bankruptcy. Such conditions have caused some clients and could cause other clients to delay payment, request modifications of their payment terms, or default on their payment obligations to us, all of which could increase our receivables balance. Timely collection of fees for client services depends on our ability to complete our contractual commitments and subsequently effectively bill for and collect our contractual service fees. If we are unable to meet our contractual obligations or effectively prepare and provide invoices, we might experience delays in the collection of or be unable to collect our client balances, which could materially adversely affect our results of operations and cash flows. In addition, if we experience an increase in the time required to bill and collect for our services or if our clients are delayed in making payments or stop payments altogether, our cash flows could be adversely affected, which in turn could adversely affect our ability to make necessary investments and, therefore, could affect our results of operations.
We generally do not have long-term commitments from our clients, and our clients may terminate engagements before completion or choose not to enter into new engagements with us.
Our clients generally do not have any long-term commitments to us. Many of our clients can terminate our master services agreements and work orders with or without cause, in some cases with only to 15 days’ prior notice or less. Although a substantial majority of our revenue is typically generated from existing clients, our engagements with our clients are typically for projects that are singular in nature. In addition, large and complex projects may
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involve multiple engagements or stages, and a client may choose not to retain us for all or additional stages or may cancel or delay planned engagements. Therefore, we must seek to obtain new engagements when our current engagements are successfully completed or are terminated as well as maintain relationships with existing clients and secure new clients to maintain and expand our business.
Even if we successfully deliver on contracted services and maintain long-term relationships with our clients, a number of factors outside of our control could cause the loss of or reduction in business or revenue from our existing clients. These factors include, among other things:
the business or financial condition of that client or the economy generally;
a change in strategic priorities by that client, resulting in a reduced level of spending on technology services;
a demand for price reductions by that client or a demand for prices to remain at existing levels in a period of high inflation;
mergers, acquisitions or significant corporate restructurings involving that client;
a decision by that client to move work in-house or to one or several of our competitors; and
uncertainty and disruption to the global markets including due to disruptions to trade, commerce or supply chain continuity, public health pandemics or geopolitical instability.

The ability of our clients to terminate agreements makes our future revenue uncertain and we may not be able to replace any client that elects to terminate or not renew its contract with us. Further, terminations or delays in engagements may make it difficult to plan our project resource requirements. The loss or diminution in business from any of our clients could have a material adverse effect on our revenue and results of operations.
Our business operations and financial condition could be adversely affected by negative publicity about offshore outsourcing or anti-outsourcing legislation in the countries in which our clients operate.
Concerns that offshore outsourcing has resulted in a loss of jobs and sensitive technologies and information to foreign countries have led to negative publicity concerning outsourcing in some countries. Many organizations and public figures in the United States and Europe have publicly expressed concern about a perceived association between offshore outsourcing IT service providers and the loss of jobs in their home countries. Current or prospective clients may elect to perform services that we offer themselves, or may be discouraged from transferring these services to offshore providers such as ourselves, to avoid any negative perceptions that may be associated with using an offshore provider or for data privacy and security concerns. As a result, our ability to compete effectively with competitors that operate primarily out of facilities located in these countries could be harmed.
Legislation enacted in certain European jurisdictions and any future legislation in Europe or any other country in which we have clients that restricts the performance of services from an offshore location could also materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, legislation enacted in the United Kingdom, based on the 1977 EC Acquired Rights Directive, has been adopted in some form by many European Union countries, and provides that if a company outsources all or part of its business to an IT services provider or changes its current IT services provider, the affected employees of the company or of the previous IT services provider are entitled to become employees of the new IT services provider, generally on the same terms and conditions as their original employment. In addition, dismissals of employees who were employed by the company or the previous IT services provider immediately prior to that transfer are automatically considered unfair dismissals that entitle such employees to compensation. As a result, in order to avoid unfair dismissal claims, we may have to offer, and become liable for, voluntary redundancy payments to the employees of our clients who outsource business to us in the United Kingdom and other European Union countries who have adopted similar laws. This legislation could materially affect our ability to obtain new business from companies in the United Kingdom and European Union and to provide outsourced services to companies in the United Kingdom and European Union in a cost-effective manner.
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Compliance efforts can be expensive and burdensome, and, we could be subject to regulatory investigations and orders, significant fines and penalties, mitigation and breach notification expenses, private litigation and contractual damages, corrective action plans and related regulatory oversight and reputational harm.
Governments and industry organizations may also adopt new laws, regulations or requirements, or make changes to existing laws or regulations, that could impact the demand for, or value of, our services. If we are unable to adapt the solutions we deliver to our clients to changing legal and regulatory standards or other requirements in a timely manner, or if our solutions fail to allow our clients to comply with applicable laws and regulations, our clients may lose confidence in our services and could switch to services offered by our competitors, or threaten or bring legal actions against us.
We may not receive sufficient intellectual property rights from our employees and contractors to comply with our obligations to our clients and we may not be able to prevent unauthorized use of our intellectual property.
Our contracts generally require, and our clients typically expect, that we will assign to them all intellectual property rights associated with the deliverables that we create in connection with our engagements. In order to assign these rights to our clients, we must ensure that our employees and contractors validly assign to us all intellectual property rights that they have in such deliverables. Our policy is to require employees and independent contractors to sign assignment of intellectual property agreements with us upon commencement of employment or engagement, but there can be no assurance that we will be able to enforce our rights under such agreements. Given that we operate in a variety of jurisdictions with different and evolving legal regimes, particularly in Central Europe and Latin America, we face increased uncertainty regarding whether such agreements will be found to be valid and enforceable by competent courts and whether we will be able to avail ourselves of the remedies provided for by applicable law.
Our success also depends in part on certain methodologies, practices, tools and technical expertise our company utilizes in designing, developing, implementing and maintaining applications and other proprietary intellectual property rights. In order to protect our intellectual property rights, we rely upon a combination of nondisclosure and other contractual arrangements as well as trade secret, copyright and trademark laws. We consider proprietary trade secrets and confidential know-how to be important to our business. However, trade secrets and confidential know-how are difficult to maintain as confidential. To protect this type of information against disclosure or appropriation by competitors, our policy is to require our employees, consultants, contractors and advisors to enter into confidentiality agreements with us. We also seek to preserve the integrity and confidentiality of our data, trade secrets and know-how by maintaining physical security of our premises and physical and electronic security of our information technology systems. Monitoring unauthorized uses and disclosures is difficult, and we do not know whether the steps we have taken to protect our proprietary technologies are or will be effective. We cannot guarantee that our trade secrets and other proprietary and confidential information will not be disclosed or that competitors will not otherwise gain access to our trade secrets. Current or former employees, consultants, contractors and advisers may unintentionally or willfully disclose our confidential information to competitors, and confidentiality agreements may not provide an adequate remedy in the event of unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally obtained and used trade secrets and/or confidential know-how is expensive, time consuming, unpredictable and may vary from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. Furthermore, if a competitor lawfully obtained or independently developed any of our trade secrets, we would have no right to prevent such competitor from using that technology or information to compete with us, which could harm our competitive position. If the steps taken to maintain our trade secrets are deemed inadequate, we may have insufficient recourse against third parties for misappropriating the trade secret.
We have registered the “Endava” name and logo in the United Kingdom, the United States and certain other countries. We have pending applications for the “Endava” name and logo in other countries; however, we cannot assure you that any future trademark registrations will be issued for pending or future applications or that any registered trademarks will be enforceable or provide adequate protection of our proprietary rights. Our trademarks may also be subject to misappropriation in jurisdictions in which they are not registered.
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We may be subject to claims by third parties asserting that companies we have acquired, our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property, or claiming ownership of what we regard as our own intellectual property.
We could be subject to claims by third parties that companies we have acquired, our employees or we have misappropriated their intellectual property. Many of our employees were previously employed at our competitors or potential competitors. Some of these employees executed proprietary rights, non-disclosure and non-competition agreements in connection with such previous employment. Although we try to ensure that our employees do not use the proprietary information of others in their work for us, we may be subject to claims that we or these employees have used or disclosed confidential information or intellectual property, including trade secrets or other proprietary information, of any such employee's former employer. Litigation may be necessary to defend against these claims. In addition, we are subject to additional risks as a result of our recent and future acquisitions. The developers of the technology that we have acquired or may acquire may not have appropriately created, maintained or enforced intellectual property rights in such technology. Indemnification and other rights under acquisition documents may be limited in term and scope and may therefore provide little or no protection from these risks.
If we fail in prosecuting or defending any such claims, in addition to paying monetary damages, we may lose valuable intellectual property rights or personnel or sustain damages. Such intellectual property rights could be awarded to a third party. Even if we successfully prosecute or defend against such claims, litigation could result in substantial costs and distract management.
If we incur any liability for a violation of the intellectual property rights of others, our reputation, business, financial condition and prospects may be adversely affected.
Our success largely depends on our ability to use and develop our technology, tools, code, methodologies and services without infringing the intellectual property rights of third parties, including patents, copyrights, trade secrets and trademarks. We may be subject to litigation involving claims of patent infringement or violation of other intellectual property rights of third parties. Parties making infringement claims may be able to obtain an injunction to prevent us from delivering our services or using technology involving the allegedly infringing intellectual property. A successful infringement claim against us, whether with or without merit, could, among other things, require us to pay substantial damages, develop substitute non-infringing technology, or rebrand our name or enter into royalty or license agreements that may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all, and would require us to cease making, licensing or using products that have infringed a third party’s intellectual property rights. Protracted litigation could also result in existing or potential clients deferring or limiting their purchase or use of our services until resolution of such litigation, or could require us to indemnify our clients against infringement claims in certain instances. Any intellectual property claim or litigation, whether we ultimately win or lose, could damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
In addition, we typically indemnify clients who purchase our services and solutions against potential infringement of intellectual property rights, which subjects us to the risk of indemnification claims. These claims may require us to initiate or defend protracted and costly litigation on behalf of our clients, regardless of the merits of these claims and are often not subject to liability limits or exclusion of consequential, indirect or punitive damages. If any of these claims succeed, we may be forced to pay damages on behalf of our clients, redesign or cease offering our allegedly infringing services or solutions, or obtain licenses for the intellectual property related to such services or solutions. If we cannot obtain all necessary licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our clients may stop using our services or solutions.
Further, our current and former employees could challenge our exclusive rights to the software they have developed in the course of their employment. In certain countries in which we operate, an employer is deemed to own the copyright work created by its employees during the course, and within the scope, of their employment, but the employer may be required to satisfy additional legal requirements in order to make further use and dispose of such works. While we believe that we have complied with all such requirements, and have fulfilled all requirements necessary to acquire all rights in software developed by our independent contractors, these requirements are often ambiguously defined and enforced. As a result, we may not be successful in defending against any claim by our
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current or former employees or independent contractors challenging our exclusive rights over the use and transfer of works those employees or independent contractors created or requesting additional compensation for such works.
We use third-party software, hardware and software-as-a-service, or SaaS, technologies from third parties that may be difficult to replace or that may cause errors or defects in, or failures of, the services or solutions we provide, which could result in material adverse consequences.
We rely on software and hardware from various third parties to deliver our services and solutions, as well as hosted SaaS applications from third parties. If any of these software, hardware or SaaS applications become unavailable due to extended outages, interruptions, cyber-attacks or because they are no longer available on commercially reasonable terms, it could result in delays in the provisioning of our services until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated, which could increase our expenses or otherwise harm our business. In addition, any errors or defects in or failures of this third-party software, hardware or SaaS applications could result in errors or defects in or failures of our services and solutions, which could harm our business and be costly to correct. Many of these providers attempt to impose limitations on their liability for such errors, defects or failures, and if enforceable, we may have additional liability to our clients or third-party providers that could harm our reputation and increase our operating costs.
We incorporate third-party open source software into our client deliverables and our failure to comply with the terms of the underlying open source software licenses could adversely impact our clients and create potential liability.
We use open source software extensively in the solutions that we build for our clients and our client deliverables often contain software licensed by third parties under so-called “open source” licenses, including the GNU General Public License, or GPL, the GNU Lesser General Public License, or LGPL, the BSD License, the Apache License and others. Any piece of third-party software, whether proprietary or open source, can contain security flaws which in some cases can result in security vulnerabilities in the applications utilizing them. Though we employ strategies to actively manage our software supply chain for open source software and attempt to minimize these risks, there is no guarantee that these steps will be effective or successful. Any vulnerability in an application that we build for a client could be exploited to subvert the security controls in the system and allow a data breach or other security problem. Such an occurrence could have a material adverse impact on our reputation, client relationship, financial condition or prospects.
In addition, from time to time, there have been claims against companies that distribute or use open source software in their products and services, asserting that such open source software infringes the claimants’ intellectual property rights. Our clients could be subject to suits by third parties claiming that what we believe to be licensed open source software infringes such third parties’ intellectual property rights, and we are generally required to indemnify our clients against such claims. Use of open source software may entail greater risks than use of third-party commercial software, as open source licensors generally do not provide warranties or other contractual protections regarding infringement claims or the quality of the code. In addition, certain open source licenses require that source code for software programs that are subject to the license be made available to the public and that any modifications or derivative works to such open source software continue to be licensed under the same terms.
Although we monitor our use of open source software in an effort both to comply with the terms of the applicable open source licenses and to avoid subjecting our client deliverables to conditions we do not intend, the terms of many open source licenses have not been interpreted by courts in relevant jurisdictions, and there is a risk that these licenses could be construed in a way that could impose unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our clients’ ability to use the software that we develop for them and operate their businesses as they intend. The terms of certain open source licenses may require us or our clients to release the source code of the software we develop for our clients and to make such software available under the applicable open source licenses. In the event that all or part of client deliverables are determined to be subject to an open source license, we or our clients could be required to publicly release the affected portions of source code (potentially amounting to the entire source code) or re-engineer all, or a portion, of the applicable software. Disclosing our or our client’s proprietary source code could allow our clients’ competitors to create similar products with lower development effort and time and ultimately could result in a loss of sales for our clients. Any of these events could create liability for us to our clients and
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damage our reputation, which could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, business, results of operations and financial condition and the market price of our ADSs.
Risks Related to Regulation and Legislation

Our performance and reputation could be adversely affected by increased focus on and demands from customers, investors and regulators with respect to ESG issues and we may be criticized or penalized for the timing, nature or scope of our ESG disclosures as regulatory standards evolve.

There is an increasing focus from regulators, certain investors, and other stakeholders concerning matters relating to environmental social and governance, or ESG, factors. ESG includes not only environmental issues but also human rights, diversity, responsible supply chain management, ethics, cybersecurity and privacy concerns. We communicate certain ESG-related initiatives and commitments regarding environmental matters, diversity and other matters on our website and elsewhere, including in our annual Sustainability Report.

Our ability to achieve our ESG commitments, including our commitment to reduce our greenhouse gas emissions by 90% by 2050, may be subject to numerous risks, many of which are beyond our control and which may result in us failing to achieve, or be perceived to fail to achieve, our ESG-related initiatives or commitments. We may struggle to secure required resources and related technologies or suppliers that can meet our standards. We may incur substantial costs for environmental regulatory compliance and other ESG initiatives. If we fail to achieve our targets or are perceived to fail to do so, our reputation, business and operations may be adversely affected.

Standards for tracking and reporting ESG metrics, including proposed disclosure requirements from the SEC and other regulators, continue to evolve and may change over time, which could result in significant revisions to our current goals, reported progress in achieving such goals or ability to achieve such goals in the future, as well as increased costs, internal controls, and oversight obligations. Furthermore, our processes and controls for reporting ESG metrics across our operations and supply chain are evolving along with multiple disparate standards for identifying, measuring and reporting ESG metrics. We could be criticized for revisions to the timing, scope or nature of our ESG disclosures, or to the extent that our disclosures about ESG matters increase, we could be criticized for the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of such disclosures.

Certain market participants, including major institutional investors and capital providers, use third-party benchmarks and scores to assess companies’ ESG profiles in making investment or voting decisions. Our actual or perceived ESG-related initiatives, policies or commitments and any failure to achieve them could result in unfavorable ESG ratings and/or negatively impact our reputation, and result in ESG-focused investors not purchasing and holding our ADSs. This could negatively impact our share price and our access and cost of capital, or otherwise materially harm our business. We risk divestment and challenges to corporate practices and policies if our ESG practices do not meet the expectations of our existing investors.

Changes in laws, regulations, rules or other obligations related to the internet or changes in the internet infrastructure itself may provide various risks, including privacy risks, and thus diminish the demand for our services, and could have a negative impact on our business.

The future success of our business depends upon the continued use of the internet as a primary medium for commerce, communication and business applications. Federal, state or foreign government bodies or agencies have in the past adopted, and may in the future adopt, laws or regulations affecting the use of the internet as a commercial medium. Changes in these laws or regulations could adversely affect the demand for our services or require us to modify our solutions in order to comply with these changes. In addition, government agencies or private organizations may begin to impose taxes, fees or other charges for accessing the internet or commerce conducted via the internet. These laws or charges could limit the growth of internet-related commerce or communications generally, resulting in reductions in the demand for technology services such as ours.

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In addition, the use of the internet as a business tool could be adversely affected due to delays in the development or adoption of new standards and protocols to handle increased demands of internet activity, security, reliability, cost, ease of use, accessibility, and quality of service. The performance of the internet and its acceptance as a business tool have been adversely affected by “ransomware,” “viruses,” “worms,” “malware,” “phishing attacks,” “data breaches” and other threats, and the internet has experienced a variety of outages and other delays as a result of damage to portions of its infrastructure. If the use of the internet is adversely affected by these or any other issues, demand for our services and solutions could suffer.

From time to time, some of our employees spend significant amounts of time at our clients’ facilities, often in foreign jurisdictions, which expose us to certain risks.

Some of our projects require a portion or all of the work to be undertaken at our clients’ facilities, which are often located outside our employees’ country of residence. The ability of our employees to work in locations around the world may depend on their ability to obtain the required visas and work permits, and this process can be lengthy and difficult. Immigration laws are subject to legislative change, as well as to variations in standards of application and enforcement due to political forces and economic conditions. In addition, we may become subject to taxation in jurisdictions where we would not otherwise be so subject as a result of the amount of time that our employees spend in any such jurisdiction in any given year. While we seek to monitor the number of days that our employees spend in each country to minimize such tax liabilities, there can be no assurance that we will be successful in these efforts.

To the extent our employees and contractors are able to work at our clients’ facilities, we may incur risks relating to our employees and contractors’ presence at our clients’ facilities, including, but not limited to: claims of misconduct, negligence or intentional malfeasance on the part of our employees. Some or all of these claims may lead to litigation, liabilities, and negative publicity. It is not possible to predict the outcome of these lawsuits or any other proceeding, and our insurance may not cover any or all claims that may be asserted against us.

Our business is subject to the risks of geopolitical actions, including natural disasters, war and terrorism and public health pandemics.

A significant natural disaster, such as an earthquake, fire or a flood, a catastrophic event, such as a significant power outage, or a public health pandemic, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, could have a material adverse impact on our business, operating results and financial condition. In the event we are hindered by any of the events discussed above, our ability to provide our services to clients could be delayed or rendered impossible. Additionally, a natural disaster, catastrophic event or public health epidemic could cause us or our customers to suspend all or a portion of their operations for a significant period of time, result in a permanent loss of resources, or require the relocation of personnel and material to alternate facilities that may not be available or adequate. Such an event could also cause an indirect economic impact on our customers, which could impact our customers’ purchasing decisions and reduce demand for our products and services.

In addition, our facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from human error, intentional bad acts, pandemics, earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, international conflicts and war (including the Russia-Ukraine conflict), terrorist attacks, power losses, hardware failures, systems failures, telecommunications failures and similar events. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could damage our systems and hardware or could cause them to fail completely, resulting in lengthy interruptions in provision of our services. Our insurance may not cover such events or may be insufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to the future growth of our business, that may result from interruptions in the provision of our services to clients as a result of system failures.

All of the aforementioned risks may be exacerbated if our disaster recovery plan proves to be inadequate. To the extent that any of the above results in delayed, reduced or cessation of our sales or increases our cost of sales, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Any debt we incur may affect our ability to operate our business or secure additional financing in the future.
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In February 2023, we entered into a new Multicurrency Revolving Facility Agreement, or the Facility Agreement, with National Westminster Bank plc as agent, or the Agent, HSBC UK Bank plc, DNB (UK) Limited, Keybank National Association, Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, S.A., London Branch and Fifth Third Bank, National Association as mandated lead arrangers, bookrunners and original lenders, providing for an unsecured revolving credit facility in the amount of £350.0 million, or the Facility, with an initial period of three years. The Facility Agreement also provides for an uncommitted accordion option for up to an aggregate of £150.0 million in additional borrowing. The Facility Agreement remains undrawn; however, we may draw down from the Facility in the future.

The Facility Agreement requires us, and any debt instruments we may enter into in the future may require us, to comply with various covenants that limit our ability to, among other things:

dispose of assets;

complete mergers or acquisitions;

incur or guarantee indebtedness;

sell or encumber certain assets;

pay dividends or make other distributions to holders of our shares;

make specified investments;

engage in different lines of business; and

engage in certain transactions with affiliates.

Under the terms of the Facility Agreement, we are required to comply with net leverage ratio and interest coverage covenants. Our ability to meet these ratios and covenants can be affected by events beyond our control and we may not meet these ratios and covenants. To the extent we draw down on the Facility, a failure by us to comply with the ratios or covenants contained in the Facility Agreement could result in an event of default, which could adversely affect our ability to respond to changes in our business and manage our operations. Upon the occurrence of an event of default, including the occurrence of a material adverse change, the lenders could elect to declare any amounts outstanding to be due and payable and exercise other remedies as set forth in the Facility Agreement. If any indebtedness under our Facility were to be accelerated, our future financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

We may also incur additional indebtedness under different agreements in the future. The instruments governing such indebtedness could contain provisions that are as, or more, restrictive than our existing debt instruments. If we are unable to repay, refinance or restructure our indebtedness when payment is due, the lenders could proceed against any collateral granted to them to secure such indebtedness or force us into bankruptcy or liquidation.

We have significant fixed costs related to lease facilities and may incur additional expense as we adapt our facilities in response to our transition to a hybrid working model.
We have made and continue to make significant contractual commitments related to our leased facilities. The total lease related expense (net of any related gains and income) included in our financial statements for the 2023 fiscal year was £15.3 million, and we are contractually committed to £16.1 million in such lease expenses for the 2024 fiscal year. These expenses will have a significant impact on our fixed costs, and if we are unable to grow our business and revenue proportionately, our operating results may be negatively affected.
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Additionally, as we continue to move to a hybrid working model allowing for remote work, we may require less office space than we currently have under our leases. This could require us to renegotiate some of our leases to match a reduced need for office space, which may in turn lead to disputes with existing landlords. This process could be costly and time consuming, and we cannot guarantee that any new leases would be on the same or better terms as our current lease arrangements. Additionally, we plan to make significant changes to our offices to adapt them to new ways of working as we embrace a hybrid working model. This investment could be costly and time consuming as we evolve our plan to meet the requirements and opportunities this new working model presents and to increase our employees’ capabilities, wellness, job satisfaction and productivity under this model. Furthermore, these investments as well as our operating costs, such as utilities, could be negatively impacted by inflation rates and global economic and geopolitical conditions.
Our ability to expand our business and procure new contracts or enter into beneficial business arrangements could be affected to the extent we enter into agreements with clients containing non-competition clauses.
We are a party to a small number of agreements with clients that restrict our ability to perform similar services for such clients’ competitors. We may in the future enter into agreements with clients that restrict our ability to accept assignments from, or render similar services to, those clients’ customers, require us to obtain our clients’ prior written consent to provide services to their customers or restrict our ability to compete with our clients, or bid for or accept any assignment for which those clients are bidding or negotiating. These restrictions may hamper our ability to compete for and provide services to other clients in a specific industry in which we have expertise and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
If our current insurance coverage is or becomes insufficient to protect against losses incurred, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected.
We provide technology services that are integral to our clients’ businesses. If we were to default in the provision of any contractually agreed-upon services, our clients could suffer significant damages and make claims against us for those damages. We currently carry professional indemnity (errors and omissions) and cyber and data insurance coverage in an amount we consider reasonable and appropriate for all of the services we provide. To the extent client damages are deemed recoverable against us in amounts substantially in excess of our insurance coverage, or if our claims for insurance coverage are denied by our insurance carriers for any reason, including reasons beyond our control, there could be a material adverse effect on our revenue, business, results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our Global Operations
Increased inflation rates in the regions in which we operate may reduce our margins, profitability and financial performance.

Economies in many regions in which we operate, including the United States and Europe, have experienced over the past financial year, or are currently experiencing, rising rates of inflation. Periods of higher inflation may slow economic growth and significantly impact our results of operations. Inflation is also likely to increase some of our costs and expenses, including wages, rents, leases and employee benefit payments. To the extent inflation causes these costs to increase, such inflation may materially adversely affect our financial results and business as it may erode our profitability. We may be unable to raise our prices in line with increased inflation and fail to pass on the costs of increased inflation to our clients. As a result, this may reduce our gross margins and profitability. Inflationary pressures could also affect our ability to access financial markets and lead to counter-inflationary measures that may harm our financial condition, results of operations or materially adversely affect the market price of our securities.
Our revenue, margins, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected if general economic conditions in Europe, the United States or the global economy worsen.
We derive a significant portion of our revenue from clients located in Europe and the United States. The technology services industry is particularly sensitive to the economic environment, and tends to decline during general economic downturns. If the U.S. or European economies continue to weaken or slow, including as a result of
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the Russia-Ukraine conflict and related economic sanctions, or if the global economic slowdown persists or exacerbates, pricing for our services may be depressed and our clients may reduce or postpone their technology spending significantly, which may, in turn, lower the demand for our services and negatively affect our revenue and profitability. We have, in the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, experienced a slowing in demand for our services from clients in North America and United Kingdom, particularly from the private equity-backed companies in these geographies, due to a weakened economic outlook and global markets instability, and if this continues in the near to medium term, we may suffer declines in revenue and profitability. This may negatively impact investor perception of our company and could significantly impact our share price.

A weak or declining economy could also cause our customers to delay making payments for our services. Additionally, any weakening or failure of banking institutions or banking systems, which could be caused by a weakening or slowdown of the U.S., European or global economies, could adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition and negatively impact our ability to receive and make payments. If we are unable to successfully anticipate changing economic and political conditions affecting the markets in which we operate, we may be unable to effectively plan for or respond to those changes, and our results of operations could be adversely affected.
Fluctuations in currency exchange rates could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

We have operations in a number of countries, including Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, Venezuela and Vietnam, and we serve clients across Europe, North America and the rest of the world, or RoW. As a result of the international scope of our operations, fluctuations in exchange rates, particularly between the British Pound, our reporting currency, and the Euro and U.S. dollar, may adversely affect us. Currency fluctuations related to the current geopolitical climate, notably in Europe but also, to a lesser degree, globally, had a significant impact on our financial results for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023. In the fiscal year ended June 30, 2022, 37.8% of our sales were denominated in the British Pound, 34.0% of our sales were denominated in U.S. dollars, 22.8% were denominated in Euros and the balance were in other currencies. Conversely, during the same time period, 68.0% of our expenses were denominated in Euros (or in currencies that largely follow the Euro, including the RON) or U.S. dollars. As a result, strengthening of the Euro or U.S. dollar relative to the British Pound presents the most significant risk to us. Any significant fluctuations in currency exchange rates may have a material impact on our business.
Unstable market and economic conditions may have serious adverse consequences on our business, financial condition and the price of our ADSs.

The global economy, including credit and financial markets, has experienced significant volatility and disruptions, including severely diminished liquidity and credit availability, declines in consumer confidence, declines in economic growth, increases in unemployment rates, high levels of inflation and interest fluctuations, disruptions in access to bank deposits or lending commitments due to bank failures and uncertainty about economic stability. For example, the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in widespread unemployment, economic slowdown and extreme volatility in the capital markets. Similarly, the Russia-Ukraine conflict and related economic sanctions has created significant volatility in the global capital markets and resulted in adverse global economic consequences, including disruptions of the global supply chain and energy markets. Because we have global operations, any such volatility in and disruptions to global macroeconomic conditions has impacted and, may in the future adversely impact, our operations and financial condition, that of our clients and/or the third parties on whom we rely. If the equity and credit markets deteriorate, including as a result of political unrest or war, it may make any necessary debt or equity financing more difficult to obtain in a timely manner or on favorable terms, more costly or more dilutive. Increased inflation rates can adversely affect us by increasing our costs, including labor and employee benefit costs. In addition, higher inflation could also increase our customers’ operating costs, which could result in reduced budgets for our customers and potentially less demand for our products and services. Any significant increases in
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inflation, as has occurred during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, and any related increase in interest rates could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our international operations involve risks that could increase our expenses, adversely affect our results of operations and require increased time and attention from our management.

As of June 30, 2023, we had 12,063 employees (including directors). Approximately 47.2% of these employees work in nearshore delivery centers in European Union countries. We have operations in a number of countries, including Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, the Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, Serbia, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, the United States, Uruguay, Venezuela and Vietnam, and we serve clients across Europe, North America and rest of world. As a result, we may be subject to risks inherently associated with international operations. Our global operations expose us to numerous and sometimes conflicting legal, tax and regulatory requirements, and violations or unfavorable interpretation by the respective authorities of these regulations could harm our business. Risks associated with international operations include difficulties in enforcing contractual rights, potential difficulties in collecting accounts receivable, the burdens of complying with a wide variety of foreign laws, repatriation of earnings or capital and the risk of asset seizures by foreign governments. In addition, we may face competition in other countries from companies that may have more experience with operations in such countries or with international operations. Such companies may have long-standing or well-established relationships with desired clients, which may put us at a competitive disadvantage. We may also face difficulties integrating new facilities in different countries into our existing operations, as well as integrating employees that we hire in different countries into our existing corporate culture. As a global company, our performance may also be affected by global economic conditions as well as rising geopolitical tensions, such as the Russia-Ukraine conflict, and other conditions with global reach. Our international expansion plans may not be successful and we may not be able to compete effectively in other countries. These factors could impede the success of our international expansion plans and limit our ability to compete effectively in other countries. Additionally, addressing the operational and other challenges posed by our international operations will require significant time and attention from management.
Our business, results of operations and financial condition may be adversely affected by the various conflicting legal and regulatory requirements imposed on us by the countries where we operate.
Since we maintain operations and provide services to clients throughout the world, we are subject to numerous, and sometimes conflicting, legal requirements on matters as diverse as import/export controls, content requirements, trade restrictions, tariffs, taxation, sanctions, government affairs, anti-bribery, whistle blowing, internal and disclosure control obligations, data protection and privacy and labor relations. Our failure to comply with these regulations in the conduct of our business could result in fines, penalties, criminal sanctions against us or our officers, disgorgement of profits, prohibitions on doing business, unfavorable publicity, adverse impact on our reputation and allegations by our clients that we have not performed our contractual obligations. Due to the varying degree of development of the legal systems of the countries in which we operate, local laws might be insufficient to defend us and preserve our rights.
We are also subject to risks relating to compliance with a variety of national and local laws including multiple tax regimes, labor laws, employee health safety and wages and benefits laws. We may, from time to time, be subject to litigation or administrative actions resulting from claims against us by current or former employees individually or as part of class actions, including claims of wrongful terminations, discrimination, misclassification or other violations of labor law or other alleged conduct. We may also, from time to time, be subject to litigation resulting from claims against us by third parties, including claims of breach of non-compete and confidentiality provisions of our employees’ former employment agreements with such third parties. Our failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements could have a material adverse effect on our revenue, business, results of operations and financial condition.
Many commercial laws and regulations in Central Europe and Latin America are relatively new and have been subject to limited interpretation. As a result, their application can be unpredictable. Government authorities have a high degree of discretion in certain countries in which we have operations and at times have exercised their
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discretion in ways that may be perceived as selective or arbitrary. These governments also have the power, in certain circumstances, to interfere with the performance of, nullify or terminate contracts. Selective or arbitrary actions have included withdrawal of licenses, sudden and unexpected tax audits, criminal prosecutions and civil actions. In this environment, our competitors could receive preferential treatment from the government, potentially giving them a competitive advantage, which may in turn materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.
Changes and uncertainties in the tax system in the countries in which we have operations could materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We conduct business globally and file income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions. Our consolidated effective income tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including: changing tax laws (such as the Inflation Reduction Act recently enacted by the U.S. government or the increase in the headline rate of corporation tax in the United Kingdom), regulations and treaties, or the interpretation thereof; tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration (such as those related to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s, or OECD, Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, or BEPS, Project, the European Commission’s state aid investigations and other initiatives); the practices of tax authorities in jurisdictions in which we operate and jurisdictions in which our customers operate; the cancellation of or alteration to relevant tax incentive regimes; the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties. Such changes may include (but are not limited to) the taxation of operating income, investment income, dividends received or (in the specific context of withholding tax) dividends paid.
In particular, there have been significant changes to the taxation systems in Central European countries and also in Argentina and the United States in recent years as the authorities have gradually replaced or introduced new legislation regulating the application of major taxes such as corporate income tax, VAT, corporate property tax, personal income taxes and payroll taxes. The post-Brexit deal that the United Kingdom agreed with the European Union did not include an exemption from withholding tax on dividends between U.K. and E.U. resident group members, and Romanian dividend withholding tax rates have recently been increased, and so profits recognized by us in Romania are now subject to an 8% withholding tax on distributions to us. The headline rate of corporation tax in the United Kingdom increased from 19% to 25% from April 2023. In addition, the OECD is working on proposals, commonly referred to as “BEPS 2.0,” which, if implemented in line with current expectations, will make important changes to the international tax system, by allocating taxing rights in respect of certain profits of multinational enterprises above a fixed profit margin to the jurisdictions within which they carry on business (subject to threshold rules) and imposing a minimum effective tax rate on certain multinational enterprises. In particular, the OECD is coordinating the implementation of rules to be adopted for taxing the digital economy, specifically with respect to nexus and profit allocation (Pillar One), and for a global minimum tax (Pillar Two), the latter rules expected to be implemented in a number of jurisdictions with effect from 1 January 2024. While these and other BEPS initiatives are in the final stages of approval and/or implementation, we cannot comprehensively predict their outcome or what impact they will have on our tax obligations and operations or our financial statements, up to their final enactment in national and international legislation.

In addition, recently-enacted U.K. legislation (the Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act 2023) provides for the revocation of E.U. laws and rights which, notwithstanding Brexit, currently remain effective in the United Kingdom. Certain aspects of the stamp duty and stamp duty reserve tax treatment of our ordinary shares and ADSs are based on such E.U. laws and rights. Accordingly, unless steps are taken by the U.K. Government and/or parliament to preserve the current position (for example, by passing regulations under powers conferred by the legislation), then this could, in particular, result in a charge to stamp duty reserve tax, at the rate of 1.5% of the issue price, on the issuance of ADSs after December 31, 2023, which would represent an additional cost if we seek to raise further capital in this way.

We are unable to predict what tax reforms may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices in jurisdictions in which we operate, could increase the estimated tax liability that we have expensed to date and paid or accrued on our balance sheets, and otherwise affect our financial position, future results
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of operations, cash flows in a particular period and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where we have operations, reduce post-tax returns to our shareholders and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

There may be adverse tax and employment law consequences if the independent contractor status of some of our personnel or the exempt status of our employees is successfully challenged.
We retain certain of our workforce as independent contractors, which has increased due to our recent acquisitions, and the determination of whether an individual is considered an independent contractor or an employee typically varies by jurisdiction and depends on the interpretation of the applicable laws. If there is a change in law or regulation, such as the changes to the rules often referred to as “IR35” or the “off-payroll working rules” in the United Kingdom that took effect from April 2021, or if a government authority or court makes a determination with respect to the requirements for being an independent contractor that differs from our approach either generally or specifically against an independent contractor who works for us, then we could incur significant costs. These could include increased employee benefits costs as well as withholding and other taxes (and potentially interest and penalties), and could apply to previous periods. Furthermore, any such change in law or regulation or government or court determination could negatively impact how we structure our business and who we hire, which along with any increase in our costs, could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations and increase the difficulty in attracting and retaining personnel.
Tax authorities may disagree with our positions and conclusions regarding certain tax positions, or may apply existing rules in an arbitrary or unforeseen manner, resulting in unanticipated costs, taxes or non-realization of expected benefits.
A tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, His Majesty’s Revenue & Customs, or HMRC, the U.S. Internal Revenue Service or another tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including methodologies for valuing developed technology and amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development. Similarly, a tax authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a “permanent establishment” under international tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions. Tax authorities in certain countries can be aggressive in their interpretation of tax laws (which can have inherent ambiguities), as well as in their enforcement and collection activities.
For example, a tax authority may take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest and penalties are payable by us, where there has been a technical violation of contradictory laws and regulations that are relatively new and have not been subject to extensive review or interpretation, in which case we expect that we might contest such assessment. High-profile companies can be particularly vulnerable to aggressive application of unclear requirements. Many companies must negotiate their tax bills with tax inspectors who may demand higher taxes than applicable law appears to provide. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing the assessment, this could increase our anticipated effective tax rate, where applicable.
We do not anticipate being treated as a passive foreign investment company, or PFIC, for U.S. federal income tax purposes for the current taxable year, but this conclusion is a factual determination that is made annually and thus may be subject to change. If we were to qualify as a PFIC, this could result in adverse U.S. tax consequences to certain U.S. holders.
Generally, if, for any taxable year, at least 75% of our gross income is passive income, or on average at least 50% of the value of our assets is attributable to assets that produce passive income or are held for the production of passive income, including cash, we would be characterized as a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. For purposes of these tests, passive income generally includes dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or exchange of investment property and rents and royalties other than rents and royalties which are received from unrelated parties in connection with the active conduct of a trade or business. Our status as a PFIC depends on the composition of our income and the composition and value of our assets (for which purpose the total value of our assets may be
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determined in part by the market value of our ADSs, which are subject to change from time to time). Additionally, we generally are treated as holding and receiving directly our proportionate share of the assets and income, respectively, of any corporation in which we own, directly or indirectly, 25% of its stock by value. If we are characterized as a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder holds our ADSs, the U.S. holder of our ADSs may suffer adverse U.S. tax consequences, including having gains realized on the sale of our ADSs treated as ordinary income, rather than capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on our ADSs by individuals who are U.S. holders, and having interest charges apply to distributions by us and gains from the sale of our ADSs, and additional tax reporting requirements, regardless of whether we continue to be a PFIC.
Although PFIC status is determined on an annual basis and generally cannot be determined until the end of the taxable year, based on the nature of our current and expected income and the current and expected value and composition of our assets, we believe we were not a PFIC for our 2022 tax year and we do not expect to be a PFIC for our current taxable year. However, our status as a PFIC is a fact-intensive determination made on an annual basis after the end of each taxable year, and we cannot provide any assurances regarding our PFIC status for the current, prior or future taxable years, and our U.S. counsel expresses no opinion with respect to our PFIC status for any taxable year. See “Taxation—U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations for U.S. Holders—Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules” for a further discussion of the PFIC rules.
If we are (or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is) a “controlled foreign corporation,” certain U.S. Holders may suffer adverse tax consequences.
If a “United States person” for U.S. federal income tax purposes is treated as owning (directly, indirectly, or constructively) at least 10% of the total value or total combined voting power of our stock, such person may be treated as a “United States shareholder” with respect to each “controlled foreign corporation,” or CFC, in our group (if any). A non-U.S. corporation will be a CFC if United States shareholders own (directly, indirectly, or constructively) more than 50% of the total value or total combined voting power of the stock of the non-U.S. corporation. Because our group includes one or more U.S. corporate subsidiaries, certain of our current or future non-U.S. corporate subsidiaries could be treated as CFCs (regardless of whether we are treated as a CFC). A United States shareholder of a CFC may be required to report annually and include in its U.S. taxable income its pro rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income,” “global intangible low-taxed income,” and investments of earnings in U.S. property (regardless of whether the CFC makes any distributions to its shareholders). Additionally, an individual United States shareholder with respect to a CFC generally would not be allowed certain tax deductions or foreign tax credits that would be allowed to a corporate United States shareholder. A failure to comply with CFC reporting obligations may subject a United States shareholder to significant monetary penalties and prevent the statute of limitations from running with respect to the United States shareholder’s U.S. federal income tax return for the taxable year in which reporting was due. There can be no assurance that we will assist our U.S. shareholders in determining whether we are (or any of our current or future non-U.S. subsidiaries is) treated as a CFC or whether such U.S. shareholders are treated as United States shareholders with respect to any such CFCs, or that we will furnish to any United States shareholders information that may be necessary to comply with CFC reporting and tax paying obligations. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the application of the CFC rules in their particular circumstances.
Emerging markets are subject to greater risks than more developed markets, and financial turmoil in any emerging market could disrupt our business.
Certain countries in South Asia, Central European and Latin American countries are generally considered to be emerging markets, which are subject to rapid change and greater legal, economic and political risks than more established markets. Financial problems or an increase in the perceived risks associated with investing in emerging economies could dampen foreign investment in South East Asia, Central Europe and Latin America and adversely affect the economy of the region. Political instability could result in a worsening overall economic situation, including capital flight and slowdown of investment and business activity. Current and future changes in governments of the countries in which we have or develop operations, as well as major policy shifts or lack of consensus between various branches of the government and powerful economic groups, could lead to political instability and disrupt or reverse political, economic and regulatory reforms, which could materially adversely affect our business and operations in those countries. In addition, political and economic relations between certain of the
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countries in which we operate are complex, and recent conflicts have arisen between certain of their governments. Political, ethnic, religious, historical and other differences have, on occasion, given rise to tensions and, in certain cases, military conflicts among Central European, Latin American or South East Asian countries which can halt normal economic activity and disrupt the economies of neighboring regions. The emergence of new or escalated tensions in South East Asia, Central European or Latin American countries could further exacerbate tensions between such countries and the United Kingdom, the United States and the European Union, which may have a negative effect on their economy, our ability to develop or maintain our operations in those countries and our ability to attract and retain employees, any of which could materially adversely affect our business and operations.
In addition, banking and other financial systems in certain countries in which we have operations are less developed and regulated than in some more developed markets, and legislation relating to banks and bank accounts is subject to varying interpretations and inconsistent application. Banks in these regions often do not meet the banking standards of more developed markets, and the transparency of the banking sector lags behind international standards. Furthermore, in certain countries in which we operate, bank deposits made by corporate entities generally either are not insured or are insured only to specified limits. As a result, the banking sector remains subject to periodic instability. Another banking crisis, or the bankruptcy or insolvency of banks through which we receive or with which we hold funds may result in the loss of our deposits or adversely affect our ability to complete banking transactions in certain countries in which we have operations, which could materially adversely affect our business and financial condition.
Wage inflation and other compensation expense for our IT professionals could adversely affect our financial results.
Wage costs for IT professionals in South East Asia, Central European and Latin American countries are typically lower than comparable wage costs in more developed countries. However, wage costs in the technology services industry in these countries may increase at a faster rate than in the past and wage inflation for the IT industry may be higher than overall wage inflation within these countries. We may need to increase the levels of employee compensation more rapidly than in the past to remain competitive, and we may not be able to pass on these increased costs to our clients. In addition, we have observed increased wage expectations on a global scale due to inflation and adverse global economic conditions. Such wage expectations could create challenges for our recruiting efforts in light of profitability considerations and margin expectations. Unless we are able to continue to increase the efficiency and productivity of our employees as well as the prices we can charge for our services, wage inflation may materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
We are subject to the U.K. Bribery Act, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws, as well as export control laws, import and customs laws, trade and economic sanctions laws and other laws governing our operations.
Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including the U.K. Bribery Act 2010, or the Bribery Act, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended, or the FCPA, the U.S. domestic bribery statute contained in 18 U.S.C. §201, the U.S. Travel Act, and other anti-corruption laws that apply in countries where we do business. The Bribery Act, the FCPA and these other laws generally prohibit us, our employees and intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper or prohibited payments, or anything else of value, to government officials or other persons to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage. Under the Bribery Act, we may also become liable for failing to prevent a person associated with us from committing a bribery offense. We operate in a number of jurisdictions that pose a high risk of potential Bribery Act or FCPA violations. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.
We are also subject to other laws and regulations governing our international operations, including regulations administered by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States, and authorities in the European Union, applicable export control regulations, economic sanctions and embargoes on certain countries and persons, including those administered by H.M. Treasury’s Office of Financial Sanctions Implementation (OFSI) and the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control or OFAC, anti-money laundering laws, anti-fraud laws,
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import and customs requirements and currency exchange regulations, collectively referred to as the Trade Control laws. We may not be completely effective in ensuring our compliance with all such applicable laws, which could result in our being subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of such laws by United Kingdom, United States or other authorities could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.
Risks Related to Our ADSs, and the Trading of Our ADSs and Shareholder Rights

If we fail to maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable regulations could be impaired, and the trading price of our ADSs may be negatively impacted.
As a public company, we are required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, or Section 404, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This assessment is required to include disclosure of any material weaknesses identified by our management in our internal control over financial reporting identified by our management. We are also required to have our independent registered public accounting firm issue an opinion on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting on an annual basis.
As previously reported, during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2021, we identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting. These material weaknesses were remediated as of June 30, 2022, and we did not identify any additional material weaknesses during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023. However, we may identify additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting in the future, and, if we do so, we will be unable to assert that our internal control over financial reporting is effective. We cannot assure you that there will not be material weaknesses or significant deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting in the future.
Any failure to maintain internal control over financial reporting could severely inhibit our ability to accurately report our financial condition or results of operations. If we are unable to conclude in the future that our internal control over financial reporting is effective, or if our independent registered public accounting firm determines we have a material weakness or significant deficiency in our internal control over financial reporting, we could lose investor confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our ADSs could decline, and we could be subject to sanctions or investigations by the New York Stock Exchange, the SEC or other regulatory authorities. Failure to remedy any material weakness in our internal control over financial reporting, or to implement or maintain other effective control systems required of public companies, could also restrict our future access to the capital markets.
The price of our ADSs may be volatile or may decline regardless of our operating performance.
The trading price of our ADSs has fluctuated and is likely to continue to fluctuate. The trading price of our ADSs depends on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control and may not be related to our operating performance, including:
price and volume fluctuations in the overall stock market from time to time;

actual or anticipated fluctuations in our financial condition and operating results;
variance in our financial performance from expectations of securities analysts;
changes in the prices of our services;
changes in our projected operating and actual financial results;
changes in laws or regulations applicable to our business;
announcements by us or our competitors of significant business developments, acquisitions or new offerings;
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our involvement in any litigation, including class action lawsuits;
our sale of our ADSs or other securities in the future;
changes in senior management or key personnel;
the trading volume of our ADSs;
changes in the anticipated future size and growth rate of our market;
natural disasters and pandemics;
international conflicts and war, including the Russia-Ukraine conflict, acts of terrorism and other events beyond our control; and
general economic, regulatory, political and market conditions.
The market for technology stocks and the stock market in general have experienced significant price and volume fluctuations in recent periods that have affected and continue to affect the market prices of equity securities of many companies, including our own. These fluctuations have often been unrelated or disproportionate to the operating performance of those companies. Broad market and industry fluctuations, as well as general economic, political, regulatory and market conditions, may negatively impact the market price of equity securities, including our ADSs. In the past, companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been subject to securities class action litigation. We may be the target of this type of litigation in the future, which could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention.
Sales of our ADSs by existing shareholders could cause the market price of our ADSs to decline.
Sales of a substantial number of our ADSs in the public market by our existing shareholders, or the perception that these sales might occur, could depress the market price of our ADSs and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of additional equity securities. We are unable to predict the effect that such sales may have on the prevailing market price of our ADSs.
In addition, as of June 30, 2023, there were outstanding 2,758,463 Class A ordinary shares issuable by us upon exercise of outstanding share options or the vesting of restricted share units, or RSUs. We have registered all of the ADSs representing Class A ordinary shares issuable upon exercise of outstanding options or the vesting of RSUs, and upon exercise of settlement of any options or other equity incentives we may grant in the future, for public resale under the Securities Act. Accordingly, these shares will be able to be freely sold in the public market upon issuance as permitted by any applicable vesting requirements, subject to restrictions on sales of our shares by affiliates.
Shareholder protections found in provisions under the U.K. City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, or the Takeover Code, will not apply if our place of management and control is considered to change to outside the United Kingdom.
The Takeover Code applies to all offers for public limited companies incorporated in England and Wales which have their registered offices in the United Kingdom and which are considered by the Panel on Takeovers and Mergers, or the Takeover Panel, to have their place of central management and control in the United Kingdom.
On July 6, 2018, we re-registered as a public limited company incorporated in England and Wales. Our place of central management and control was at that time, and remains, in the United Kingdom for the purposes of the Takeover Code. Accordingly, we are currently subject to the Takeover Code and, as a result, our shareholders are entitled to the benefit of the various protections provided under the Takeover Code. The Takeover Code provides a framework within which takeovers of companies are regulated and conducted. If, at the time of a takeover offer, the Takeover Panel determines that we do not have our place of central management and control in the United Kingdom, then the Takeover Code would not apply to us and our shareholders would not be entitled to the benefit of the various protections that the Takeover Code affords. In particular, the rules regarding mandatory takeover bids
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described below would not apply. The following is a brief summary of some of the most important rules of the Takeover Code:
When any person acquires, whether by a series of transactions over a period of time or not, an interest in shares which (taken together with shares already held by that person and an interest in shares held or acquired by persons acting in concert with them) carry 30% or more of the voting rights of a company that is subject to the Takeover Code, that person is generally required to make a mandatory offer to all the holders of any class of equity share capital or other class of transferable securities carrying voting rights in that company to acquire the balance of their interests in the company.
When any person who, together with persons acting in concert with them, is interested in shares representing not less than 30% but does not hold more than 50% of the voting rights of a company that is subject to the Takeover Code, and such person, or any person acting in concert with them, acquires an additional interest in shares which increases the percentage of shares carrying voting rights in which they are interested, then such person is generally required to make a mandatory offer to all the holders of any class of equity share capital or other class of transferable securities carrying voting rights of that company to acquire the balance of their interests in the company.
A mandatory offer triggered in the circumstances described in the two paragraphs above must be in cash (or be accompanied by a cash alternative) and at not less than the highest price paid within the preceding 12 months to acquire any interest in shares in the company by the person required to make the offer or any person acting in concert with them.
In relation to a voluntary offer (i.e. any offer which is not a mandatory offer), when interests in shares representing 10% or more of the shares of a class have been acquired for cash by an offeror (i.e., a bidder) and any person acting in concert with it in the offer period and the previous 12 months, the offer must be in cash or include a cash alternative for all shareholders of that class at not less than the highest price paid for any interest in shares of that class by the offeror and by any person acting in concert with it in that period. Further, if an offeror acquires for cash any interest in shares during the offer period, a cash alternative must be made available at not less than the highest price paid for any interest in the shares of that class.
The board of directors of the offeror or any person acting in concert with it acquires an interest in shares in the offeree company (i.e., the target) at a price higher than the value of the offer, the offer must be increased to not less than the highest price paid for the interest in shares so acquired.
The offeree company must obtain competent advice as to whether the terms of any offer are fair and reasonable and the substance of such advice must be made known to all the shareholders, together with the opinion of the board of directors of the offeree company.
Special deals with favorable conditions for selected shareholders are not permitted.
All shareholders must be given the same information.
Each document published in connection with an offer by or on behalf of the offeror or offeree must state that the directors of the offeror or the offeree, as the case may be, accept responsibility for the information contained therein.
Profit forecasts, quantified financial benefits statements and asset valuations must be made to specified standards and must be reported on by professional advisers.
Misleading, inaccurate or unsubstantiated statements made in documents or to the media must be publicly corrected immediately.
Actions during the course of an offer by the offeree company, which might frustrate the offer, are generally prohibited unless shareholders approve these plans.
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Stringent and detailed requirements are laid down for the disclosure of dealings in relevant securities during an offer.
Employee representatives or employees of both the offeror and the offeree company and the trustees of the offeree company’s pension scheme must be informed about an offer. In addition, the offeree company’s employee representatives and pension scheme trustees have the right to have a separate opinion on the effects of the offer on employment and pension scheme(s), respectively, appended to the offeree board of directors’ circular or published on a website.
The dual class structure of our ordinary shares has the effect of concentrating voting control for the foreseeable future, which will limit your ability to influence corporate matters.
Our Class B ordinary shares have 10 votes per share, and our Class A ordinary shares, which are the shares underlying the ADSs have one vote per share. Given the greater number of votes per share attributed to our Class B ordinary shares, holders of Class B ordinary shares collectively beneficially hold shares representing approximately 78.3% of the voting rights of our outstanding share capital as of August 15, 2023. Further, John Cotterell, our Chief Executive Officer, beneficially holds Class B ordinary shares, which along with the Class A ordinary shares he beneficially owns, represents approximately 43.5% of the voting rights of our outstanding share capital as of August 15, 2023. Consequently, Mr. Cotterell will continue to be able to have a significant influence on corporate matters submitted to a vote of shareholders. Notwithstanding this concentration of control, we do not currently qualify as a “controlled company” under New York Stock Exchange listing rules.

This concentrated control will limit the ability of other shareholders to influence corporate matters for the foreseeable future. This concentrated control could also discourage a potential investor from acquiring our ADSs due to the limited voting power of the Class A ordinary shares underlying the ADSs relative to the Class B ordinary shares and might harm the market price of our ADSs. In addition, Mr. Cotterell has the ability to control the management and major strategic investments of our company as a result of his position as our Chief Executive Officer. As a member of our board of directors, Mr. Cotterell owes statutory and fiduciary duties to us and must act in good faith and in a manner that he considers would be most likely to promote the success of our company for the benefit of our shareholders as a whole. As a shareholder, Mr. Cotterell is entitled to vote his shares in his own interests, which may not always be in the interests of our shareholders generally. For a description of our share capital structure, see Exhibit 2.3(a) to this Annual Report on Form 20-F (Description of Share Capital).

Future transfers by other holders of Class B ordinary shares will generally result in those shares converting on a one-to-one basis to Class A ordinary shares, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning purposes. The conversion of our Class B ordinary shares into Class A ordinary shares will have the effect, over time, of increasing the relative voting power of those holders of Class B ordinary shares who retain their shares in the long-term. The remaining restrictions on the transfer of Class B ordinary shares under the articles of association fell away on July 26, 2023, the fifth anniversary of the date on which the ADS were listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Following this date, holders of Class B ordinary shares are able to convert their Class B ordinary shares to Class A ordinary shares and sell the Class A ordinary shares in the market. As each Class B ordinary share may be converted on a one-to-one basis to a Class A ordinary share, there is no expected dilutionary impact on holders of Class A ordinary shares. The voting rights of the holders of Class B ordinary shares will be reduced following conversion of their shares, as our Class B ordinary shares have 10 votes per share, and our Class A ordinary shares, have one vote per share. The potential impact of the conversion of the Class B ordinary shares or the sale of the corresponding Class A ordinary shares is unclear, but it is possible that it could put downward pressure on our share price if the market perceives such conversions or disposals as an indication that founding members and/or executives wish to reduce their interest in Endava.
An active public trading market for our ADSs may not be sustained.
The lack of an active market may impair the ability of the holders of our ADSs to sell their ADSs at any time or at a price that the holder considers reasonable. The lack of an active market may reduce the fair value of our ADSs,
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and an inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital or acquire other companies or technologies by using our ADSs as consideration.
The rights of our shareholders may differ from the rights typically offered to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.
We are incorporated under English law. The rights of holders of ordinary shares and, therefore, certain of the rights of holders of our ADSs, are governed by English law, including the provisions of the Companies Act 2006, or the Companies Act, and by our articles of association. These rights differ in certain respects from the rights of shareholders in typical U.S. corporations. See “Item 10.B—Memorandum and Articles of Association” and “Item 16.G—Corporate Governance” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for a description of the principal differences between the provisions of the Companies Act applicable to us and, for example, the Delaware General Corporation Law relating to shareholders' rights and protections.
Holders of our ADSs have fewer rights than our shareholders and must act through the depositary to exercise their rights.
Holders of our ADSs do not have the same rights as our shareholders and may only exercise their voting rights with respect to the underlying Class A ordinary shares in accordance with the provisions of the deposit agreement. Holders of the ADSs have appointed the depositary or its nominee as their representative to exercise the voting rights attaching to the Class A ordinary shares represented by the ADSs. When a general meeting is convened, if you hold ADSs, you may not receive sufficient notice of a shareholders’ meeting to permit you to withdraw the Class A ordinary shares underlying your ADSs to allow you to vote directly with respect to any specific matter. We will make all commercially reasonable efforts to cause the depositary to extend voting rights to you in a timely manner, but we cannot assure you that you will receive voting materials in time to instruct the depositary to vote, and it is possible that you, or persons who hold their ADSs through brokers, dealers or other third parties, will not have the opportunity to exercise a right to vote. Furthermore, the depositary will not be liable for any failure to carry out any instructions to vote, for the manner in which any vote is cast or for the effect of any such vote. As a result, you may not be able to exercise your right to vote and you may lack recourse if your ADSs are not voted as you request. In addition, in your capacity as an ADS holder, you will not be able to call a shareholders’ meeting. See “Item 12.D—Description of American Depositary Shares.”
Holders of our ADSs may face limitations on transfer and withdrawal of underlying Class A ordinary shares.
Our ADSs, which may be evidenced by ADRs, are transferable on the books of the depositary. However, the depositary may close its books at any time or from time to time when it deems expedient in connection with the performance of its duties. The depositary may refuse to deliver, transfer or register transfers of your ADSs generally when our books or the books of the depositary are closed, or at any time if we or the depositary think it is advisable to do so because of any requirement of law, government or governmental body, or under any provision of the deposit agreement, or for any other reason subject to your right to cancel your ADSs and withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares. Temporary delays in the cancellation of your ADSs and withdrawal of the underlying Class A ordinary shares may arise because the depositary has closed its transfer books or we have closed our transfer books, the transfer of ordinary shares is blocked to permit voting at a shareholders’ meeting or we are paying a dividend on our Class A ordinary shares. In addition, you may not be able to cancel your ADSs and withdraw the underlying Class A ordinary shares when you owe money for fees, taxes and similar charges and when it is necessary to prohibit withdrawals in order to comply with any laws or governmental regulations that apply to ADSs or to the withdrawal of Class A ordinary shares or other deposited securities. See “Item 12.D—Description of American Depositary Shares.”
ADS holders may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to claims arising under the deposit agreement, which could result in less favorable outcomes to the plaintiff(s) in any such action.
The deposit agreement governing the ADSs representing our Class A ordinary shares provides that holders and beneficial owners of ADSs irrevocably waive the right to a trial by jury in any legal proceeding arising out of or relating to the deposit agreement or the ADSs, including in respect of claims under federal securities laws, against us or the depositary to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law. If this jury trial waiver provision is prohibited by applicable law, an action could nevertheless proceed under the terms of the deposit agreement with a jury trial. To
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our knowledge, the enforceability of a jury trial waiver under the federal securities laws has not been finally adjudicated by a federal court. However, we believe that a jury trial waiver provision is generally enforceable under the laws of the State of New York, which govern the deposit agreement, by a court of the State of New York or a federal court, which have non-exclusive jurisdiction over matters arising under the deposit agreement, applying such law. In determining whether to enforce a jury trial waiver provision, New York courts and federal courts will consider whether the visibility of the jury trial waiver provision within the agreement is sufficiently prominent such that a party has knowingly waived any right to trial by jury. We believe that this is the case with respect to the deposit agreement and the ADSs. In addition, New York courts will not enforce a jury trial waiver provision in order to bar a viable setoff or counterclaim sounding in fraud or one which is based upon a creditor's negligence in failing to liquidate collateral upon a guarantor's demand, or in the case of an intentional tort claim (as opposed to a contract dispute), none of which we believe are applicable in the case of the deposit agreement or the ADSs. No condition, stipulation or provision of the deposit agreement or ADSs serves as a waiver by any holder or beneficial owner of ADSs or by us or the depositary of compliance with any provision of the federal securities laws. If you or any other holder or beneficial owner of ADSs brings a claim against us or the depositary in connection with such matters, you or such other holder or beneficial owner may not be entitled to a jury trial with respect to such claims, which may have the effect of limiting and discouraging lawsuits against us and/or the depositary. If a lawsuit is brought against us and/or the depositary under the deposit agreement, it may be heard only by a judge or justice of the applicable trial court, which would be conducted according to different civil procedures and may result in different outcomes than a trial by jury would have had, including results that could be less favorable to the plaintiff(s) in any such action, depending on, among other things, the nature of the claims, the judge or justice hearing such claims, and the venue of the hearing.
General Risk Factors
If we fail to meet publicly announced guidance, or if we fail to forecast our market opportunity accurately, our operating results could be adversely affected, and the price of our ADSs could decline.

We release earnings guidance in our quarterly and annual earnings conference calls, quarterly and annual earnings releases, or otherwise, regarding our future performance that represents our management’s estimates as of the date of release. Our actual business results may vary significantly from such guidance or consensus due to a number of factors, many of which are outside of our control, including global economic uncertainty, unfavorable financial market conditions, and decreased customer spend on technology products, which could adversely affect our business and future operating results. If our revenue or results of operations fall below the expectations of analysts or investors or below any guidance we may provide, or if the guidance we provide is below the expectations of analysts or investors, the price of our ADSs could decline substantially. Such a decline in the price of our ADSs could occur even if we have met any previously publicly stated guidance we may provide.

In addition, growth forecasts included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F relating to our market opportunity and the expected growth in the market for our services are subject to significant uncertainty and are based on assumptions and estimates which may prove to be inaccurate. Even if these markets meet our size estimates and experience the forecasted growth, we may not grow our business at similar rates, or at all. Our growth is subject to many risks and uncertainties, including our success in implementing our business strategy. Accordingly, the forecasts of market growth included in this Annual Report on Form 20-F should not be taken as indicative of our future growth.

Litigation or legal proceedings could expose us to significant liabilities and have a negative impact on our reputation or business.

From time to time, we may be party to various claims and litigation proceedings, including as part of class actions. We evaluate these claims and litigation proceedings to assess the likelihood of unfavorable outcomes and to estimate, if possible, the amount of potential losses. Based on these assessments and estimates, we may establish reserves, as appropriate. These assessments and estimates are based on the information available to management at
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the time and involve a significant amount of management judgment. Actual outcomes or losses may differ materially from our assessments and estimates. We are not currently party to any material litigation.
Even when not merited, the defense of these lawsuits may divert our management’s attention, and we may incur significant expenses in defending these lawsuits. The results of litigation and other legal proceedings are inherently uncertain, and adverse judgments or settlements in some of these legal disputes may result in adverse monetary damages, penalties or injunctive relief against us, which could have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations. Any claims or litigation, even if fully indemnified or insured, could damage our reputation, make it more difficult to compete effectively or to obtain adequate insurance in the future.
Furthermore, while we maintain insurance for certain potential liabilities, such insurance does not cover all types and amounts of potential liabilities and is subject to various exclusions as well as caps on amounts recoverable. Even if we believe a claim is covered by insurance, insurers may dispute our entitlement to recovery for a variety of potential reasons, which may affect the timing and, if the insurers prevail, the amount of our recovery.
We may need additional capital, and a failure by us to raise additional capital on terms favorable to us, or at all, could limit our ability to grow our business and develop or enhance our service offerings to respond to market demand or competitive challenges.

We believe that our current cash balances, cash flow from operations and credit facilities should be sufficient to meet our anticipated cash needs for at least the next 12 months. We may, however, require additional cash resources due to changed business conditions or other future developments, including any investments or acquisitions we may decide to pursue. If these resources are insufficient to satisfy our cash requirements, we may seek to sell additional equity or debt securities, draw down on our revolving credit facility or obtain another credit facility. The sale of additional equity securities could result in dilution to our shareholders. The incurrence of indebtedness would result in increased debt service obligations and could require us to agree to operating and financing covenants that would restrict our operations. Our ability to obtain additional capital on acceptable terms is subject to a variety of uncertainties, including investors' perception of, and demand for, securities of IT services companies, conditions in the capital markets in which we may seek to raise funds, our future results of operations and financial condition, and general economic and political conditions including the recent global economic growth slowdown, high levels of inflation and interest rate fluctuations, all of which may be heightened due to the ongoing Russia-Ukraine conflict and related economic sanctions. Financing may not be available in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, or at all, and could limit our ability to grow our business and develop or enhance our service offerings to respond to market demand or competitive challenges.
Claims of U.S. civil liabilities may not be enforceable against us.
We are incorporated under English law. Substantially all of our assets are located outside the United States. The majority of our senior management and board of directors reside outside the United States. As a result, it may not be possible for investors to effect service of process within the United States upon such persons or to enforce judgments obtained in U.S. courts against them or us, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.
The United States and the United Kingdom do not currently have a treaty providing for recognition and enforcement of judgments (other than arbitration awards) in civil and commercial matters. Consequently, a final judgment for payment given by a court in the United States, whether or not predicated solely upon U.S. securities laws, would not automatically be recognized or enforceable in the United Kingdom. In addition, uncertainty exists as to whether U.K. courts would entertain original actions brought in the United Kingdom against us or our directors or senior management predicated upon the securities laws of the United States or any state in the United States. Any final and conclusive monetary judgment for a definite sum obtained against us in U.S. courts would be treated by the courts of the United Kingdom as a cause of action in itself and sued upon as a debt at common law so that no retrial of the issues would be necessary, provided that certain requirements are met. Whether these requirements are met in respect of a judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. securities laws, including whether the award of monetary damages under such laws would constitute a penalty, is an issue for the court making such decision. If an English court gives judgment for the sum payable under a U.S. judgment, the English judgment will
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be enforceable by methods generally available for this purpose. These methods generally permit the English court discretion to prescribe the manner of enforcement.
As a result, U.S. investors may not be able to enforce against us or our senior management, board of directors or certain experts named herein who are residents of the United Kingdom or countries other than the United States any judgments obtained in U.S. courts in civil and commercial matters, including judgments under the U.S. federal securities laws.
As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from a number of rules under the U.S. securities laws and are permitted to file less information with the SEC than U.S. public companies.
We are a “foreign private issuer,” as defined in the SEC rules and regulations and, consequently, we are not subject to all of the disclosure requirements applicable to companies organized within the United States. For example, we are exempt from certain rules under the U.S. Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act, that regulate disclosure obligations and procedural requirements related to the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations applicable to a security registered under the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers and directors are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act and related rules with respect to their purchases and sales of our securities. Further, we are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material information. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. public companies. Accordingly, there may be less publicly available information concerning our company than there is for U.S. public companies.
As a foreign private issuer, we file annual reports on Form 20-F within four months of the close of each fiscal year ended June 30 and reports on Form 6-K relating to certain material events promptly after we publicly announce these events. However, because of the above exemptions for foreign private issuers, our shareholders are not afforded the same protections or information generally available to investors holding shares in public companies organized in the United States.
While we are a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to certain New York Stock Exchange corporate governance listing standards applicable to U.S. listed companies.
We are entitled to rely on a provision in the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance listing standards that allows us to follow English corporate law and the Companies Act with regard to certain aspects of corporate governance. This allows us to follow certain corporate governance practices that differ in significant respects from the corporate governance requirements applicable to U.S. companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange.
For example, we are exempt from New York Stock Exchange regulations that require a listed U.S. company to have a majority of the board of directors consist of independent directors, require regularly scheduled executive sessions with only independent directors each year and have a remuneration committee or a nominations or corporate governance committee consisting entirely of independent directors.
In accordance with our New York Stock Exchange listing, our audit committee is required to comply with the provisions of Section 301 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act and Rule 10A-3 of the Exchange Act, both of which are also applicable to New York Stock Exchange-listed U.S. companies. Because we are a foreign private issuer, however, our audit committee is not subject to additional New York Stock Exchange requirements applicable to listed U.S. companies, including an affirmative determination that all members of the audit committee are “independent,” using more stringent criteria than those applicable to us as a foreign private issuer. Furthermore, the New York Stock Exchange’s corporate governance listing standards require listed U.S. companies to, among other things, seek shareholder approval for the implementation of certain equity compensation plans and issuances of ordinary shares, which we are not required to follow as a foreign private issuer.
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We may lose our foreign private issuer status, which would then require us to comply with the Exchange Act's domestic reporting regime and cause us to incur significant legal, accounting and other expenses.
As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. We may no longer be a foreign private issuer in the future, which would require us to comply with all of the periodic disclosure and current reporting requirements of the Exchange Act applicable to U.S. domestic issuers as of July 1, 2024. In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) a majority of our ordinary shares must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(1) a majority of our executive officers or directors cannot be U.S. citizens or residents, (b)(2) more than 50 percent of our assets must be located outside the United States and (b)(3) our business must be administered principally outside the United States. If we lose our status as a foreign private issuer, we would be required to comply with the Exchange Act reporting and other requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers, which are more detailed and extensive than the requirements for foreign private issuers and will require that we prepare our financial statements in accordance with U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. We may also be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and rules. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws if we are required to comply with the reporting requirements applicable to a U.S. domestic issuer will be significantly higher than the cost we would incur as a foreign private issuer. As a result, we expect that a loss of foreign private issuer status would increase our legal and financial compliance costs and would make some activities highly time consuming and costly.
If securities or industry analysts do not publish research or reports about our business, or publish negative reports about our business, the price of our ADSs and trading volume could decline.
The trading market for our ADSs depends, in part, on the research and reports that securities or industry analysts publish about us or our business. We do not have any control over these analysts or the content that they publish about us. If our financial performance fails to meet analyst estimates or one or more of the analysts who cover us downgrade our ADSs or change their opinion of our ADSs, our ADS price would likely decline. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company or fail to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which could cause our ADS price or trading volume to decline.
We do not intend to pay dividends for the foreseeable future and, as a result, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our ADSs.
We currently intend to retain any future earnings to finance the growth and development of the business and, therefore, we do not anticipate that we will pay any cash dividends on our ordinary shares, including on the Class A ordinary shares underlying our ADSs, in the foreseeable future. Any determination to pay dividends in the future will be at the discretion of our board of directors and will be dependent upon our future financial condition, results of operations and capital requirements, general business conditions and other relevant factors as determined by our board of directors. Accordingly, investors must rely on sales of their ADSs after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investments.
Item 4. Information on the Company
A. History and Development of the Company
Corporate Information
The legal and commercial name of our company is Endava plc. We were originally incorporated in February 2006 as Endava Limited, a private company with limited liability and indefinite life under the laws of England and Wales. In July 2018, we completed a corporate reorganization, pursuant to which all of our shareholders were required to elect to exchange each of the existing ordinary shares in the capital of Endava Limited held by them for the same number of Class B ordinary shares or Class C ordinary shares; provided, that the Endava Limited Guernsey Employee Benefit Trust, or the EBT, exchanged all existing ordinary shares held by it for the same number of Class A ordinary shares. Each Class A ordinary share is entitled to one vote per share and each Class B ordinary share is
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entitled to ten votes per share. On July 26, 2020, all of our Class C ordinary shares automatically converted to Class A ordinary shares.
On July 6, 2018, we re-registered Endava Limited as a public limited company and our name was changed from Endava Limited to Endava plc. We are registered with the Registrar of Companies in England and Wales under number 5722669, and our registered office is 125 Old Broad Street, London, EC2N 1AR, United Kingdom.
Our principal executive office is located at 125 Old Broad Street, London, EC2N 1AR, United Kingdom and our telephone number is +44 20 7367 1000. Our agent for service of process in the United States is Endava Inc., located at 757 Third Avenue, Suite 1901, New York, NY 10017 and the telephone number for Endava Inc. is +1 (917) 613-3859. Our website address is www.endava.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not incorporated by reference into this Annual Report on Form 20-F, and you should not consider information on our website to be part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F. The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, maintains a website (http://www.sec.gov) that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding registrants, such as Endava, that file electronically with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Our capital expenditures for the years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 amounted to £13.5 million, £13.7 million and £5.2 million, respectively. These capital expenditures were related primarily to purchases of property and equipment for our office spaces. We expect our capital expenditures to increase in absolute terms in the near term as we continue to grow our operations. We anticipate our capital expenditures in fiscal 2024 to be financed from cash generated from operations and our cash and cash equivalents. We will continue investing in technology services in Europe, Latin America, the United States and Asia-Pacific.
B. Business Overview
Overview
We are a leading next-generation technology services provider and help accelerate disruption by delivering rapid evolution to enterprises. We aid our clients in finding new ways to interact with their customers and users, enabling them to become more engaging, responsive and efficient. Using Distributed Enterprise Agile at scale, we collaborate with our clients, seamlessly integrating with their teams, catalyzing ideation and delivering robust solutions. Our approach to ideation comprises an empathy for user needs, curiosity, creativity and a deep understanding of technologies. From proof of concept, to prototype, to production, we use our engineering expertise to deliver enterprise platforms for our clients that are capable of handling millions of transactions per day. Our people, whom we call Endavans, synthesize creativity, technology and delivery at scale in multi-disciplinary teams, enabling us to support our clients from ideation to production.
Technological transformation poses numerous challenges for incumbent enterprises. Incumbent enterprises are often laden with legacy infrastructure and applications that are deeply embedded in core transactional systems, making it difficult to reconcile maintenance of existing infrastructure and applications with a nimble approach to using next-generation technologies. Incumbent enterprises are also often stymied by institutional constraints that impede their ability to solve complex problems and rapidly respond to shifting competitive dynamics, as well as ingrained traditional approaches to development. The Agile methodology stands in stark contrast to the IT-department-driven, legacy approach often used by incumbent enterprises, which is premised on a sequential and siloed structure, involves long development cycles, fails to integrate user feedback and is often more costly. Likewise, internal IT teams at incumbent enterprises often struggle to absorb the rapid pace of technology development and its growing complexity. To effectively harness the power of technology, incumbent enterprises need talent in ideation, strategy, user experience, Agile development and next-generation technologies. While incumbent enterprises have historically looked to traditional information technology, or IT, service providers to undertake technology development projects, these traditional players were built to serve, and remain focused on serving, legacy systems using offshore delivery.
We reimagine the relationship between people and technology and help our clients become digital, experience-driven businesses by assisting them in their journey from idea generation to development and deployment of products, platforms and solutions. Our expertise spans the entire ideation-to-production spectrum. We create value
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for our clients through creation of Product and Technology Strategies and Intelligent Digital Experiences, delivered via world-class engineering and through our broad technical capabilities. We accelerate our clients’ ability to take advantage of new business models and market opportunities by ideating and delivering dynamic platforms and intelligent digital experiences that are designed to fuel rapid, ongoing transformation of our customers’ businesses. By leveraging next-generation technologies, our agile, multi-disciplinary teams provide a combination of Product & Technology Strategies and Intelligent Digital Experiences delivered via world-class engineering to help our clients become more engaging, responsive, and efficient.
At the core of our approach is our proven and proprietary enterprise agile delivery framework, known as The Endava Adaptive Model, or TEAM, with its unique three component structure comprising (i) an Engagement Model to guide the interaction with our clients, (ii) an Interaction Model, called TEAM Enterprise Agile Scaling, or TEAS, defining how we implement agile delivery at all levels of scaling, and (iii) Engineering Practices that guide our people to deliver effective and technically excellent solutions for our clients using advanced, tools and techniques. Using TEAM, our delivery teams are able to quickly design, develop and test digital solutions, providing actionable insights into their value and business potential in a short timeframe. Our clients are able to release higher-quality products to market faster, respond better to market changes and incorporate customer and user feedback through rapid releases and product iterations.

We provide services from our locations in European Union countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden), non-European Union countries (Bosnia & Herzegovina, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), Latin America (Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay), Asia-Pacific (Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam), North America (Canada and the United States), and the Middle East (United Arab Emirates). As of June 30, 2023, we had 12,063 employees (including directors), approximately 47.2% of whom work in delivery locations in European Union countries. We provide Endavans with training to develop their technical and soft skills in an environment where they are continually challenged and given opportunities to grow as professionals, and with tools and resources to innovate.
As of June 30, 2023, we had 711 active clients, which we define as clients who paid us for services over the preceding 12-month period. We have achieved significant growth in recent periods. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our revenue was £794.7 million, £654.8 million and £446.3 million, respectively, representing a compound annual growth rate of 33.4% over the three-year period. We generated 38.9%, 41.4% and 41.9% of our revenue for the three fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from clients located in the United Kingdom. We generated 23.0%, 21.1% and 24.2% of our revenue in each of those fiscal years, respectively, from clients located in Europe. We generated 32.5%, 34.8%, 31.4% of our revenue for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 from clients located in North America. The balance of revenue in each of those fiscal years comes from clients located in RoW. Our revenue growth rate at constant currency, which is a measure that is not calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, was 16.6%, 47.6% and 29.6%, respectively. Over the last five fiscal years, 90.1% of our revenue, on average, each fiscal year came from clients who purchased services from us during the prior fiscal year. Our profit before taxes was £114.2 million, £102.4 million and £54.4 million, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, and our profit before taxes as a percentage of revenue was 14.4%, 15.6% and 12.2%, respectively, for the same periods. Our adjusted profit before taxes margin, or Adjusted PBT Margin, which is a measure that is not calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS, was 20.7%, 21.1% and 20.6%, respectively, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. See notes 1 and 5 in the section of this Annual Report on Form 20-F titled “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects - Non-IFRS Measures and Other Management Metrics” for a reconciliation of revenue growth rate at constant currency to revenue growth rate and Adjusted PBT to profit before taxes, respectively, the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS.
Industry Background
Overview
Waves of technological change are disrupting the nature of competition in every industry. New technologies have enabled the growth and success of digital native companies that leverage these technologies in every aspect of
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their businesses, allowing them to be nimble, innovative, data driven and focused on the user experience, often through an Agile development approach. Technology has also increased customer expectations, giving them the ability to choose not only the products and services that they want, but also where, when and how they want them delivered. Incumbent enterprises must undertake digital transformation of their businesses by leveraging technology in order to meet ever-evolving customer expectations and compete with digital native disruptors.
Significant Technology Innovation
Technology has gone through significant evolution in the last decade and this trend is expected to continue. The use of mobile connectivity, social media, automation, big data analytics and cloud delivery have become integral to business execution and emerging trends and technologies, including in areas such as artificial intelligence and machine learning (including Generative AI), the Internet of Things, or IoT, and augmented and virtual reality, hold the potential to significantly reshape industries. Because each new generation of technology builds on and advances the technology that came before it, the pace of technological innovation is expected to continue to accelerate, increasing the pace at which enterprises will need to transform.
Empowered Customers and Users
The proliferation of new technologies has empowered customers and users across industries and increased their expectations. These technologies have allowed customers and users to have more information and more choices, thereby changing how they interact with enterprises and their products and services. Other users, such as employees, are bringing these same expectations to the workplace. Empowered customers and users are increasingly discerning and their preferences keep changing as technology evolves. As a result, for enterprises, continually transforming their interactions with all constituencies has become a competitive imperative.
Rise of the Digital Natives
These significant technological changes have enabled the emergence of digital native companies. These companies leverage emerging technologies in every aspect of their businesses and are nimble and innovative, data driven and focused on the user experience. Digital native companies are not encumbered by legacy technology. Over the past decade, they have revolutionized the way technology is used across all functions in an organization, how technology infrastructure is built and maintained and how technology solutions are developed, deployed and continually improved.
Increasing Adoption of the Agile Approach
Due to the influence of digital native companies, the adoption of Agile development across industries has become pervasive. Agile is an iterative and incremental methodology for development where requirements and solutions evolve through collaboration between cross-functional teams. Agile is user driven and focused on continuous delivery of small upgrades, facilitating highly differentiated speeds of innovation and time to market.
Challenges to Transformation
Incumbent enterprises must undertake digital transformation of their businesses by leveraging technology in order to meet ever-evolving customer expectations and compete with digital native disruptors. There are several challenges incumbent enterprises face in achieving technological transformation:
Significant Investment in Legacy Technology
For most incumbent enterprises, reorienting IT operations with new technology is expensive, time-consuming and risks service disruption. Incumbent enterprises are often laden with legacy infrastructure and applications that are difficult and expensive to operate and maintain. They cannot switch off and move away from legacy technology infrastructure investments as the legacy infrastructure is often deeply embedded in the core transactional systems that drive revenue. Incumbent enterprises must find ways to reconcile maintenance of existing infrastructure and applications with a nimble approach to using next-generation technologies.
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Barriers to Innovation
Incumbent enterprises are fundamentally built to do what they are already doing and can struggle with innovation. They are often characterized by ingrained processes and cultural norms that do not encourage strategic shifts, with decision makers isolated from the economic consequences of choices. These institutional constraints can impede incumbent enterprises’ ability to solve complex problems and rapidly respond to shifting competitive dynamics. Incumbent enterprises need to learn to “build many” and “fail fast” in order to efficiently allocate resources and optimize their opportunities for success.
Not Built for Agile
Incumbent enterprises must adopt new technologies and rapidly execute on initiatives in order to remain competitive, but are often stymied by ingrained traditional approaches to development. The Agile methodology stands in stark contrast to the IT-department-driven, legacy approach often used by incumbent enterprises, which is premised on a sequential and siloed structure, involves long development cycles, fails to integrate user feedback and is often more costly.
Lack of Required Expertise and Talent
The modern competitive environment requires incumbent enterprises to deliver experiences to customers and users that are intuitive and unobtrusive. This, in turn, requires connectivity across channels of customer and user interaction and successfully harnessing next-generation technology. Internal IT teams at incumbent enterprises often struggle to absorb the rapid pace of technology development and its growing complexity. Incumbent enterprises need user experience strategy and design capability, as well as technology and engineering expertise, to develop effective and frictionless user experiences. Developing this capability and expertise requires the acquisition and retention of talent in ideation, strategy, user experience, Agile development and next-generation technologies. However, the market for employees with expertise in these areas is highly competitive.
Limitations of Traditional IT Service Providers
Incumbent enterprises have historically looked to traditional IT service providers to undertake technology development projects. Traditional IT service providers are built for commoditized development, integration and maintenance engagements, where cost is key. They can deliver on large-scale projects using scaled, cost-effective infrastructure and are generally expert in legacy systems. While some of these traditional IT service providers have invested in capabilities to provide user experience strategy and design, as well as Agile development capabilities, they were built to serve, and remain focused on serving, legacy systems using offshore delivery.
Our Competitive Strengths
We have distinguished ourselves as a leader in next-generation technology services by leveraging the following competitive strengths:
Ideation through Production
We help our clients become digital, experience-driven businesses by assisting them in their journey from idea generation to development and deployment of products, platforms and solutions. By providing user-centric digital strategies and engineering skills, we enable our clients to become more engaging, responsive and efficient in delivering products and services to their customers and users. We collaborate with our clients, understand their changing technology needs and seamlessly integrate with their teams to develop long-term embedded relationships and drive value. Our expertise spans the entire ideation-to-production spectrum. We create value for our clients through creation of Product and Technology Strategies and Intelligent Digital Experiences, delivered via world-class engineering and through our broad technical capabilities.
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Proven Proprietary Framework for Distributed Agile Delivery at Scale

To allow us to deliver large scale distributed agile projects, we have developed a delivery framework that is based on our over 20 years of successful project delivery experience and reflects the many lessons we have learned during that period. Our TEAM delivery framework provides a delivery model that has been developed by our practitioners for practitioners, adapted to each client’s context to allow us to create value with confidence. TEAM was intentionally designed with three elements that amplify each other to enhance product delivery excellence: an engagement model, an interaction model, and a set of recommended engineering practices. The engagement model defines how we collaborate with our customers to shape and evolve delivery engagements. The TEAS interaction model defines the enterprise agile lifecycle that we use to deliver products at all levels of scale. The engineering practices define the set of techniques that our people use to deliver excellent solutions.

Expertise in Next-Generation Technologies
We have deep expertise in next-generation technologies that drives our ability to provide solutions for Digital Evolution, Agile Transformation and Automation. Our expertise ranges from technologies developed over the last decade including mobile connectivity, social media, automation, high-productivity developer platforms, big data analytics and cloud delivery to next-generation technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning (including Generative AI), IoT, and augmented and virtual reality. Our frameworks, methodologies and tools, including TEAS and our proprietary Chronos software analysis tool for risk assessment of software code, further enhance our ability to develop and deploy solutions based on these next-generation technologies. For example, we leveraged our expertise in augmented reality to conceive and build a solution that helps customers of a mobile communications company visualize areas where they can obtain network coverage.
We believe technology will continue to evolve and that enterprises must continue to evolve their service offerings in order to thrive in such a dynamic environment. Our company-wide initiatives such as Endava Innovation Labs, innovation competition, our internal Innovation Community and our monthly Rapid Insights sessions, regular updates on technical trends, illustrate the innovative culture important for us to maintain our strong expertise in next-generation technologies. We continue to advance our service offerings and solutions areas to remain at the cutting edge of technological developments.
Strong Domain Expertise
We have expertise and experience in industry verticals that are being disrupted by technological change.
In the Payments vertical, we have helped accelerate the transformation of leading payment processing companies by building new platforms and solutions such as merchant acquiring platforms, merchant portals with real time analytics, cloud-based real-time payment processing platforms, omni-channel e-commerce gateways, mobile wallets, mobile payment system integrations, downloadable mobile device Point-of-Sale terminals and Buy Now Pay Later solutions. We have also worked on distributed ledger technology systems and cryptocurrency technologies such as exchanges and non-fungible token issuance systems.
In the Banking and Asset and Wealth Management vertical, we have designed and built software to solve problems across the front-to-back institutional landscape, including trading systems, settlement systems, digital engagement channels and event-based data integration and analytics platforms.
In the Insurance vertical, we are engaged with some of the largest insurers from both Personal and Commercial Lines insurance and the London and Specialty Market, delivering business transformation through the automation of claims and underwriting and pricing processes and data platform implementations to generate insights from the large data sets that insurers possess, as well as the implementation of low code tools to supplement core insurance products such as Guidewire and EIS.
In the Technology, Media and Telecommunications, or TMT, vertical, we have helped clients design and build solutions for the connected home and car, to enhance multi-channel customer experiences and to automate processes, including developing an automated solution to facilitate the purchase of television advertising in the United States. In the telecoms area specifically, we work for major providers and operators to accelerate their
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digitization roadmap by introducing more digital services in areas including IoT, Internet Protocol Television, payments, automation, testing and 5G specific services. Additionally, we have built platforms, marketplaces and immersive environments that have elevated the experience for gamers.
For our Retail and Consumer Goods vertical we provide technology leadership and services to clients to deliver software solutions across e-commerce, product management, mobile, supply chain and fulfillment, payments and Customer Relationship Management.
In the Healthtech vertical, we help improve the quality of the services provided in health by making them more efficient, more secure and more data-driven.
In the Mobility vertical, the movement of people and goods, we help clients with the last mile logistics, connected vehicle innovation and sharing and warehouse intralogistics. In the automotive industry, we are working with original equipment manufacturers and Tier 1 manufacturers to bring technology (and our know-how from other industries) into the automotive world to help them transition into their new role within the new Mobility ecosystem.
Employer of Choice in Regions with Deep Pools of Talent
We provide services from our locations in European Union countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden), non-European Union countries (Bosnia & Herzegovina, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), Latin America (Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay), Asia-Pacific (Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam), North America (Canada and the United States), and the Middle East (United Arab Emirates). We strive to be one of the leading employers of IT professionals in the regions in which we operate. As of June 30, 2023, we had 12,063 employees (including directors), approximately 47.2% of whom work in delivery locations in European Union countries. Our delivery locations are in countries that not only have abundant IT talent pools, but also offer us an opportunity to be a preferred employer. For example, a majority of our employees are located in Romania, where we have been identified as a top employer for each of the last five years.
The Endava workplace is based on a hybrid working model, enabling our people to work both from home and from an office, to get the best of both worlds. This approach offers a mix of working together in teams and communities within our offices as well as enjoying the flexibility to work remotely in their homes.
Distinctive Culture and Values
We believe that our people are our most important asset. We provide Endavans with training to develop their technical and soft skills, in an environment where they are continually challenged and given opportunities to grow as professionals, and with tools and resources to innovate. Endava University, our “Schools of” capability programs, and “Pass It On” are key elements of our training and development framework. Endava University provides classroom based training, we run “Schools” training programs to upskill, cross-skill and find new talent to hire in subjects including DevOps Engineering, Data, and Business Analysis, while “Pass It On” uses apprenticeship and open sharing so that our people can grow by way of collective experiences and knowledge. Our employees also have career coaches to customize their integration into their respective teams and to help visualize their development and future. Through Endava Innovation Labs and other innovation events, our teams are encouraged to express their creativity in using next-generation technologies to build innovative solutions. We believe we have built an organization deeply committed to helping people succeed and our culture fosters our core values of openness, thoughtfulness and adaptability.
Effective management of Environmental, Social and Governance, or ESG, matters has been of strategic importance for us for years. During fiscal year 2021, we launched our “We Care” sustainability approach and published our first Sustainability Report that highlights our contributions to key ESG matters. Our Sustainability Report with respect to the fiscal year ended June 30, 2023 was published in September 2023 and can be found on our website. The information on our website does not constitute a part of this Annual Report on Form 20-F.
Founder Led, Experienced and Motivated Management Team
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Our management team, led by John Cotterell, our founder and Chief Executive Officer, has significant experience in the global technology and services industries. Since our Company was founded in 2000, we have expanded from a single office serving clients principally located in the city of London to a global enterprise serving clients across Europe, North America and the RoW from locations in Europe, Latin America, Asia-Pacific and the Middle East. We believe that we have a strong partnership culture. Our most senior 106 employees have an average tenure at Endava of 10 years, which we believe evidences the success of our approach. Additionally, our management team focuses on mentoring our IT professionals at all levels to develop the next generation of leadership.
Our Strategy
We are focused on continuing to distinguish ourselves as a leader in next-generation technology services. The key elements of our strategy include:
Expand Relationships with Existing Clients
We are focused on continuing to expand our relationships with existing clients by helping them solve new problems and become more engaging, responsive and efficient. We have a demonstrated track record of expanding our work with clients after an initial engagement. Our ten largest clients together contributed 32.8% and 33.8% of our total revenue in the last two fiscal years, respectively, and the number of clients that have a minimum annual spend of at least £1.0 million has grown from 134 to 146 over the same time period. Expansion of our relationships with existing active clients will remain a key strategy going forward as we continue to leverage our deep domain expertise and knowledge of emerging technology trends in order to drive incremental growth for our business.
Establish New Client Relationships
We believe there is a substantial potential for us to acquire new clients. We have established ourselves as a leader in delivering end-to-end ideation-to-production services in the Payments and Financial Services and TMT verticals. Clients in the Payments and Financial Services vertical contributed to 52.3%, 50.7% and 50.7% of our total revenue in the 2023, 2022 and 2021 fiscal years, respectively. Clients in the TMT vertical contributed 21.9%, 25.0% and 27.1% of our total revenue in the 2023, 2022 and 2021 fiscal years, respectively. Clients in our Other vertical contributed 25.8%, 24.3% and 22.2% of our total revenue in the 2023, 2022 and 2021 fiscal years, respectively. We believe that we continue to have significant untapped opportunities in these sectors and we plan to leverage our experience and expertise to expand our vertical reach. As waves of technological change sweep across industries and facilitate seamless integration of different aspects of customers’ and users’ lives, we believe our experience working within our core client base will also be of particular value in expanding our vertical reach. For example, as customers increasingly demand a frictionless and consistent buying experience, and as the payments and retail sectors converge, we believe our deep expertise in developing payment systems and e-commerce platforms will allow us to grow our retail client base. Similarly, we believe our expertise in data analytics and augmented and virtual reality will become increasingly relevant in the healthcare industry as technology continues to reshape the practice and provision of medicine. We are also focused on the Healthtech and Mobility verticals as key areas for potential growth.
We are likewise focused on geographic expansion. We continue with our expansion in North America. In the 2023 fiscal year, approximately 32.5% of our revenue came from clients in North America. We are also expanding our operations in Asia-Pacific. In addition, we continuously evaluate other growth markets to expand our client footprint.
Lead Adoption of Next-Generation Technologies
We seek to apply our creative skills and deep digital technical engineering capabilities to enhance our clients’ value to their end customers and users. As a result, we are highly focused on remaining at the forefront of emerging technology trends, including in areas such as artificial intelligence and machine learning (including Generative AI), IoT, augmented and virtual reality. For example, we have developed and deployed AI-based systems, such as natural language processing and vision processing, to support the automation of highly complex tasks, as well as advanced payment gateways and chatbot-enabled social payments. We are embedded and integrated with our clients, which
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gives us unique insight into how emerging industry trends can help address their needs. We plan to leverage these insights to continue driving innovation for our clients.

Expand Scale in Nearshore Delivery
We believe that our proprietary Distributed Enterprise Agile at scale framework requires that we have teams based in locations with similar time zones to those of our clients since our delivery teams are in constant dialogue and interaction with our clients. We focus on being an employer of choice for IT professionals in the regions in which we operate, which include countries with deep and largely untapped creative and engineering talent pools, and on being an employer of choice in local markets. As we continue to expand our relationships with existing clients and attract new clients, we plan to expand our teams at existing delivery locations and establish new delivery locations in areas with an abundance of technical talent.
Selectively Pursue “Tuck-In” Acquisitions
We plan to selectively pursue “tuck-in” acquisitions. Our focus is on augmenting our core capabilities to enhance our expertise in new technologies and verticals and increase our geographic reach, while preserving our corporate culture and sustainably managing our growth. Consistent with these goals, we have completed seven acquisitions in the past three years, all of which have enabled us to accelerate core strategic goals. For example, our acquisition of Levvel in March 2021 broadened our client base in payments, banking, media and mobility in the United States and increased our U.S. onshore delivery capabilities. Our acquisition of Five in March 2021 enhanced our capabilities in digital product strategy and performance optimization services and increased our nearshore delivery locations in the Adriatic region. As part of our acquisition of Lexicon in October 2022, we acquired additional headcount and offices in Australia and a new delivery location in Vietnam. Our acquisitions of DEK and Mudbath in 2023 enhanced our presence in the Asia-Pacific region, increasing our headcount in Australia and the capability and size of our Vietnamese delivery location. In August 2023, through our acquisition of TLM we have gained expertise in outsourced development services across design, engineering and art/animation for PC and console video games and other digital entertainment.
We have demonstrated a track record of successfully identifying, acquiring and integrating complementary businesses and we plan to leverage this experience as we pursue “tuck-in” acquisitions that will help accelerate our strategy. All acquired companies have been integrated into our core and single operating segment immediately upon acquisition.
Our Capabilities
At Endava, we reimagine the relationship between people and technology.
We accelerate our clients’ ability to take advantage of new business models and market opportunities by ideating and delivering dynamic platforms and intelligent digital experiences that are designed to fuel rapid, ongoing transformation of their businesses.
Through the utilization of cutting-edge technologies, our agile, multi-disciplinary team offer a blend of product and technology strategies, coupled with intelligent digital experiences. These are delivered using top-tier engineering, aiming to assist our clients in enhancing their engagement, responsiveness, and overall efficiency.

We provide a vast offering of capabilities. The multiplicative impact of different combinations of these capabilities across the delivery of strategies, experiences and engineering allows us rapidly to create real transformation for our clients.


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CapabilitiesGIF.gif
Product Strategy

Product Strategy combines elements of business, technology and customer strategy to drive value for businesses through products that delight customers. These products need to be simple and should hide the underlying complexity from the customer’s view. Our product strategists, designers and engineers are steeped in Endava’s engineering culture and understand the products they design must meet the needs of the customer, the business and the constraints of the technology in use. Endava’s Product Strategy capability allows us to help clients research, test, validate, design, develop, grow and scale products profitably.

Product Design

Working at the intersection of business, design, and technology, Endava's creative teams apply creativity and data to ship customer centric experiences across platforms and channels. We offer end-to-end capabilities at scale, from identifying growth pathways to experience strategy and design, from product design and delivery to optimization of employee and customer experiences, all the while harnessing the data, tools, and technologies to make them possible.

Growth Marketing

We help clients get beyond the product market fit stage and help them create a robust user acquisition and growth strategy in order to build a scalable, profitable, and self-sustainable businesses.

Analytics

Once digital products are live, we measure performance after launch against established success metrics and use data-driven evolution to continuously improve products.

Technology Strategy

Our expertise and deep experience allow us to select tools and technologies to fit our clients’ needs, as well as design the future state of their organization’s technology landscape. Through a thorough analysis of a business' application estate and by delivering executable IT strategies, we provide readiness assessments that explain what
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needs to change and why, across the engineering, architecture, and infrastructure arenas. We generate technology change portfolios, for both short and long-term scenarios, and provide clients with immediately executable steps to implement a digital strategy and maximize the impact of new technology trends.

Enterprise Architecture

We view enterprise architecture as a strategic enabler for a modern organization, allowing the strengths, weaknesses and opportunities in an organizational technology landscape to be analyzed and understood in the context of constantly evolving technologies and business change. Our long experience in enterprise architecture allows us to guide clients to find real value in enterprise architecture activities. We do this by focusing on the delivery of results, rather than documents, developing realistic and valuable roadmaps for the evolution of our clients’ technology environments. We then build on this to create collateral and processes to help product developments deliver business value quickly and effectively.

Data Strategy

Data is often referred to as “the new oil” but in many organizations data is, at best, under utilized. In many cases, data can be a liability for the organization when it is not well understood or managed. We use our expertise in analytics, data engineering and AI to help clients understand the quality of their data and to use it to drive business success.

Agile Transformation

Our approach to agile transformation leads clients through an evolution to enable them to collaborate effectively, react to market changes and opportunities, innovate and ultimately get products and services to market faster. Based on our long experience with agile delivery, and using our own pragmatic and experience-based agile scaling framework, or widely used industry frameworks such as LeSS and SAFe, we lead clients to effective agile working practices, tailored to their specific needs.

Accelerated DevOps Delivery

We believe the best balance of engineering quality and speed to production is achieved when the people who build systems are also responsible for operating them. This is central to our concept of DevOps, and is a lesson drawn from extensive cross-industry experience building next-gen digital products. Our customers frequently trust us to build and operate entire services for them end-to-end, and to lead them through transformational change to adopt DevOps ways-of-working, underpinned by our culture of openness, responsibility, and adaptability.

Using our flexible build-and-run delivery model, our cross-functional teams adopt advanced engineering and methodological practices to maximize the throughput and quality of production code, minimize operational toil, and heavily automate their value streams. Skilled in all major continuous integration/continuous development, or CI/CD, tools and cloud vendors, we adapt to the client’s context, technology preferences, and overall approach, and we bring a range of specialized and innovative engineering and leadership roles to suit our clients’ DevOps needs.

Architecture

Organizations across all industries need to deliver business value faster in the context of complex systems landscapes, changing business processes, and constantly evolving engagement channels. Using our decades of architecture experience, we can meet these challenges by identifying how to rapidly modernize our clients’ technology systems and apply emerging technologies. This allows us to simplify, reduce waste and achieve key qualities such as security, scalability, and resilience for our clients. We are experts at architectural assessment, owning the architecture story in distributed agile projects, and can provide experienced, hands-on capability through execution.

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Distributed Agile Delivery

By maintaining a mindset focused on people, processes, and technology, our skills and years of experience help us deliver large agile development projects. We scale agile development using our own agile scaling framework, which we have developed from our experience on large-scale client projects. Our cross-functional scrum teams can be distributed across several locations, and we often integrate client teams into our projects. We collaborate using technology such as CI/CD tools, wikis, virtual collaboration environments, video conferencing, and chat platforms, to ensure the effectiveness of our high-performance distributed teams.

Cloud Application Engineering

We build applications with modern web and mobile interfaces that capitalize on the fundamental innovations of cloud platforms, such as elasticity, resilience, security and AI-driven services including natural language processing, in addition to SaaS and PaaS cloud products. We frequently transform existing applications to be cloud-ready, by refactoring them using architectural patterns such as microservices and containerization, rather than using a lift-and-shift approach, which can often miss out the most important benefits of cloud platforms.

Platform Engineering

Building great software also means building great platforms and lifecycle services. We adopt a modern automation-first approach to platform engineering favoring infrastructure-as-code, emphasizing Agile and DevOps principles and technical excellence.

Our strong experience in core infrastructure and cloud platform technologies enables us to build the right foundations for individual or enterprise solutions. We ensure a common understanding of the client’s regulatory and technical requirements in order to balance needs for performance, resilience, security, cost efficiency and scalability.

We cover the cloud journey’s full lifecycle with our strengths and partnerships across AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud.

Our capabilities include designing and building secure, performant and highly available cloud environments, cloud migrations and hybrid cloud solutions, and we can support all stages of migration and adoption.

Delivery Management

Our delivery managers are experts in modern software delivery, typically having many years of experience across a range of software development roles. They provide accountable points of contact for our clients and ensure successful software delivery to achieve the very high levels of client satisfaction. Delivery managers work in partnership with our delivery locations to build teams, supporting them with stakeholder management and assistance to address concerns and challenges as they arise.

Software Security

In the connected world, security has become one of the most critical risk factors for clients. We deliver all aspects of secure development to protect data and systems. We build security thinking into our software development lifecycle by investing in our people, tools, and processes, allowing for the systems to be secure by design. We mitigate the risks of security threats and attacks through a holistic view of system architecture and risk assessment.

Test Engineering

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We provide test support and guidance for rapid and reliable deployments through automation testing, performance testing, security testing exploratory and usability testing, and much more. We integrate functional, performance and
security tests into the CI/CD pipeline, so they can be executed as soon as there is a code change in order to provide immediate feedback, reduce project delays, and improve time to market. This reflects our “shift-left” approach to software development, with the majority of testing effort moved into development cycles. We build tests across the application architecture, reducing dependency on slower and more expensive UI-oriented testing.

Data Engineering and Platforms
Data is one of the most valuable assets a company possesses. Extracting value from large volumes of structured or unstructured data and transforming it into a competitive advantage is an essential part of delivering high-value business change. We help clients identify, define, and implement comprehensive data and analytics strategies. These strategies encompass a range of solutions such as traditional business intelligence, data warehousing, big data platforms, analytics and visualization, as well as the establishment of data governance supported by a solid data strategy. By leveraging these approaches, we help enhance client productivity, profitability, and overall business performance.

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence enables innovation, allows us to unlock new value for our clients and to solve their complex business challenges. We apply advanced analytics, machine learning and generative AI to gain data-driven insights, build predictive models, and develop intelligent systems. We ensure solutions meet rigorous standards for privacy, security, explainability and regulatory compliance with a focus on responsible and ethical AI.

VR, AR, XR Development

We help our clients utilize Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), and Real-time 3D to deliver compelling experiences for their customers and employees. Our Extended Reality (XR) solutions bring immersive experiences to life, helping businesses become more engaging, safer, and more efficient. VR and AR help spatially design, visualize, and showcase products, data, and workflows in interactive 3D, and can facilitate immersive brand experiences. AR enhances the real world in intelligent ways by layering contextually relevant information over a user’s view. We shape solutions across industries in commerce, marketing, training, operations, research, and design. Our capabilities drive digital twins and feed synthetic data pipelines. We support our clients in meeting their goals and preparing for XR and 3D to drive real business value.

Modern Application Management

Applications Management builds on our extensive experience, proven practices, and industry-leading technology expertise to help clients deploy, operate, and transform their applications. We increase value delivery by enabling swift and safe deployment of high-quality applications, reducing operational risk, and lowering the total cost of ownership. Using our engineering-led approach, we manage application upgrading, versioning, and maintenance throughout a system’s life, to ensure stability and performance. In Business-as-Usual operations, we constantly improve the applications estate, resulting in efficient and low-maintenance business software, supported by improved services. Our comprehensive Service Delivery Management underpins the full range of applications management services, ensuring their value, quality and consistency.

Managed Cloud

Our strong experience in cloud operational and cost management and optimization helps clients use cloud services optimally. We have deep experience with all the major cloud platforms and partnerships across AWS, Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud. Our culture is rooted in an automation-first approach favoring Infrastructure-as-Code, and
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emphasizing DevOps principles in how we work. Our capabilities include cloud migrations and hybrid solutions, as well as cloud operations, and we support clients in all stages of migration and adoption.

Service Delivery

Operational IT ecosystems require services to be designed to adapt and scale to business demands while providing assurance of service quality and reliability. We help our clients with their service delivery challenges by understanding their service needs and the interactions with their operational teams. This allows us to recommend and manage industry best practice standards, policies, tools, and grades of service. Our service delivery framework helps with organizational design, governance, service design, operational excellence, customer experience, and continual service improvement.

Smart Desk

Our Smart Desk provides a single point of contact to all end-users through a unified communications hub, so we can ensure clients receive appropriate support in a timely manner. This includes the coordination of all end-user services, 3rd parties, and internal support teams for an excellent customer experience and seamless collaboration between all customer suppliers. We regularly achieve 9.5 out of 10 for customer satisfaction, with up to 90% of tickets resolved at first line.

Our Frameworks, Methods and Tools

Our frameworks, methods and tools, including TEAM and TEAS, enhance our ability to develop and deploy solutions based on next-generation technologies. Developed with a focus on providing innovation, quality and productivity at scale, we believe our frameworks, methods and tools allow us to:
Deliver outcome driven programs to our clients, with faster time-to-market and favorable return on investment;
Tailor our approach to the needs of our clients and respond flexibly to changing client objectives and market conditions;
Improve our clients’ visibility into budgets, status and progress of technology projects; and
Provide better solutions.
Our key frameworks, methods and tools include the following:
The Endava Adaptive Method (TEAM)
To allow us to deliver large scale distributed agile projects we have developed our TEAM delivery framework that is based on our over 20 years of successful project delivery experience and reflects the many lessons we have learned during that period. Our TEAM delivery framework provides a delivery model that has been developed by our practitioners for practitioners, adapted to each client’s context to allow us to rapidly create value with confidence.

Traditional Agile development approaches use small numbers of “scrum teams,” with members in close proximity. However, today, most enterprise development projects require large development teams that are often geographically or organizationally dispersed. Traditional Agile development approaches also assume a single organization is developing the software whereas today a number of organizations, such as Endava and our client, are likely to be developing the software together. To address these important aspects of large-scale agile delivery TEAM was intentionally designed with three elements that amplify each other address these challenges: an engagement model, an interaction model, and a set of recommended engineering practices.

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The Engagement Model defines how we collaborate with our customers, and other stakeholders, to shape and evolve delivery, with the aim of ensuring efficiency and transparency to provide high delivery assurance. It embodies a set of structured collaboration patterns that create common understanding, alignment and trust between the parties involved in the engagement and comprises a set of well-defined phases covering the entire journey from idea to operation.

The Interaction Model, TEAS, defines the agile lifecycle that we use to deliver products at all levels of scale, leading to business agility to make the business more responsive. TEAS encompasses the full idea to operation lifecycle and enable collaboration across the business using one common language. It provides flexible scaling for differently sized products or groups of products and adapts to all stages of a product's life. It achieves this by having product level planning for a group of releases, portfolio level planning for a group of products and an overarching strategy to guide the development of the portfolio.

Some Agile development approaches have constraints that prevent them from scaling in a truly industrialized way without sacrificing agility. TEAS avoids these problems by utilizing aspects of well-known Agile scaling frameworks, but improves on them by applying the lesson we have learned to balance prescriptive approaches with empowerment and flexibility. To achieve this, TEAS provides enough guidance to allow teams to start tackling client challenges with confidence, while building in flexibility to adapt to evolving client needs, environments and cultures.

Our Engineering Practices are the tools, technologies and techniques our people use to deliver technically excellent solutions when working in their multi-skilled teams. The practices cover the entire delivery lifecycle, across all of our professional disciplines, from product strategy and UX though architecture, automated testing, development, continuous delivery and platform engineering. Uniquely, these comprehensive engineering practices are embedded in our delivery approach rather than being an afterthought or a set of references to other approaches, which is common in other delivery frameworks. The proven practices that we recommend for our teams drive quality and effectiveness driving value-focused delivery and deliver engineering excellence tailored to aspects of the delivery context such as complexity, criticality, and risk.

These three interlocking and synergistic aspects of our deliver model mean that our teams are able to quickly design, develop and test digital solutions, providing actionable insights into their value and business potential in a short timeframe, while our clients are able to release higher-quality products to market faster, respond better to market changes and incorporate customer and user feedback through rapid releases and product iterations.

We believe that our dynamic and proven approach to distributed enterprise agile delivery creates tangible and valuable benefits for our clients.

Chronos
Chronos is our proprietary software analysis tool for risk assessment of software systems. It analyzes data from multiple relevant artifacts around development: the code, the version control system, and the issue tracking system. Chronos detects traits and “anti-patterns" of a software system, many of which are not directly visible in the codebase, by innovatively combining data points from these artifacts, including the system’s evolution and the behaviors of the team who developed it. “Anti-patterns” are common practices that initially appear to be appropriate solutions but end up having negative consequences that outweigh any benefits. Chronos supports both quality and productivity improvement by providing deep insights into the evolution of large-scale software systems.
Chronos offers several benefits to our clients as well as to our employees. First, it is the backbone of our Software Assessment service, through which we support our clients in gaining an integrated, balanced, and holistic view of the code-related risks embodied in a specific software system or across a landscape of systems. Second, Chronos increases the value and productivity of due diligence and technical reviews by providing information on the technologies and their evolution, on key people involved with the project, and on code and process quality issues. Finally, Chronos helps us to ramp up development projects more efficiently by allowing developers to get up to
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speed quickly and by helping managers oversee risks and proactively ensure that skills are balanced effectively across teams.

CSAT
Customer Satisfaction Analysis Tool, or CSAT, is our client experience management tool, which allows us to collect regular client feedback. CSAT relies on surveys, common use testimonials and other inputs to gather a robust view of how clients feel about Endava. Through CSAT, we collect, analyze and generate powerful management information that drives our continuous experience improvements. CSAT helps us differentiate ourselves in managing customers in a sustainable way.
Our Delivery Model
We believe the development of a scaled global, nearshore delivery model with selective close-to-client capabilities enables us to deliver high-quality technology services to meet our clients’ needs. Nearshore delivery locations with geographic proximity, cultural affinity and complementary time zones enable increased interaction with our clients, enhance relationships and improve responsiveness for more efficient delivery of our services. As a result, we are able to differentiate ourselves on projects that require a high degree of client collaboration and iteration.
We provide services from our locations in European Union countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden), non-European Union countries (Bosnia & Herzegovina, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), Latin America (Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay), Asia-Pacific (Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam), North America (Canada and the United States), and the Middle East (United Arab Emirates). We strive to be one of the leading employers of IT professionals in the regions in which we operate. We locate our delivery locations in countries that not only have abundant IT talent pools, but also offer us an opportunity to be a preferred employer. As of June 30, 2023, we had 12,063 employees (including directors), approximately 47.2% of whom work in delivery locations in European Union countries.

Our nearshore delivery model was first established in Central Europe in order to efficiently deliver our solutions to European clients. Our primary delivery locations are in Romania, where we employed approximately 4,164 employees involved with delivery of our services as of June 30, 2023. As of June 30, 2023, we had 1,276 such employees located in Cluj-Napoca, the second largest city in Romania and 1,193 such employees located in Bucharest, the capital of Romania. We believe Romania is an ideal location to source IT delivery talent due to its educational infrastructure, large multi-lingual population, advanced technological infrastructure and flexible labor regulation. As of June 30, 2023, we also had approximately 3,560 IT professionals across our locations in Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Moldova, North Macedonia, Poland, Serbia and Slovenia, which are countries that we believe offer many of the same benefits as Romania. To serve our North American clients, we had approximately 1,559 employees involved with delivery of our services across our ten Latin American delivery locations as of June 30, 2023, the majority of which are located in Argentina (582 employees) and Colombia (727 employees). We believe that the Latin American region as a whole has an abundant talent pool of individuals skilled in IT.
In addition, we are highly focused on the security of our clients’ data and are certified to ISO 27001 standards.
Our Clients
As of June 30, 2023, we had 711 active clients, which we define as clients who spent money with us over the preceding 12-month period. Our clients are primarily enterprises based in the United Kingdom, European Union and United States. Our clients principally operate in the Payments and Financial Services and TMT verticals. We are also focused on growing our client base in other verticals, such as the consumer products, healthcare, mobility and retail verticals, and on providing services to our clients that span verticals.
During the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, our 10 largest clients based on revenue accounted for 32.8%, 33.8% and 34.9%, of total revenue, respectively. Mastercard was our largest client during our fiscal year ended June 30, 2023, contributing 10.7% of our revenue in the year, compared to less than 10% of our revenue in each of the years ended June 30, 2022 and 2021.
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We are focused on building deep, long-term relationships with our clients, which often begin with a discrete project and develop into larger engagements. We target clients to whom we believe we can demonstrate our deep understanding of technological trends and our capability to provide end-to-end ideation-to-production services.
Some of our representative clients by vertical include Concardis, Beazley, Pollinate, Rabobank, RSA and Worldpay in Payments and Financial Services; Adobe, Hudson MX, and BBC in TMT; and ZEISS and Maersk in Other.
Sales and Marketing
Our sales and marketing strategy is focused on driving revenue growth from existing and new clients. We run a single, highly integrated sales and marketing organization that comprises strategy, solutions and offers, marketing, lead generation, sales and account teams. As of June 30, 2023, we had 200 employees on our sales and marketing team located across our offices.
We have developed our Endava Sales Academy to cultivate sales talent internally and create a high-performing sales workforce that is culturally aligned with our values. Our Sales Academy begins with candidates joining lead generation teams, where they learn how to identify potential clients and sales techniques. Over the course of approximately three years, candidates progress through this program and can become business development managers.
Competition
We operate in a global and dynamic market and compete with a variety of organizations that offer services similar to those that we offer.
We face competition primarily from:
next-generation IT service providers, such as Globant S.A and EPAM Systems.
digital agencies and consulting companies, such as McKinsey & Company, Ideo and Publicis Sapient;
global consulting and traditional IT service companies, such as Accenture PLC, Capgemini SE, Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and Tata Consultancy Services Limited; and
in-house development departments by our clients of their technology and IT capabilities.
We believe the principal competitive factors in our business include: ability to innovate; technical expertise and industry knowledge; end-to-end solution offerings; delivery location; price; reputation and track record for high-quality and on-time delivery of work; effective employee recruiting; training and retention; responsiveness to clients’ business needs; scale; and financial stability. We believe that we compete favorably with respect to each of these factors.
Facilities
Our corporate headquarters are located at 125 Broad Street, London, EC2N 1AR, United Kingdom, where we lease approximately 1,000 square meters of office space. We provide services from our locations in European Union countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden), non-European Union countries (Bosnia & Herzegovina, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), Latin America (Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay), Asia-Pacific (Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam), North America (Canada and the United States), and the Middle East (United Arab Emirates). We lease all of our facilities and also use them as office spaces. We believe our current facilities are suitable and adequate to meet our current needs and for the foreseeable future.

Our People
As of June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we had 12,063, 11,853 and 8,883 employees (including directors), respectively. We have collective bargaining agreements with our employees in Romania and Vietnam, as is market
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practice in these countries. We believe our employee relations are good and we have not experienced any work stoppages. We vet our employees in accordance with the BS7858 screening standards.
At each date shown, we had the following employees (including directors), broken out by department and geography:
As of June 30,
2023 2022 2021
Employees (including directors) by function:
Employees involved in delivery of our services 10,938  10,844  8,059 
Selling, General and Administrative
1,125  1,009  824 
Total
12,063  11,853  8,883 


Employees (including directors) by geography As of June 30,
2023 2022 2021
Western Europe(1)
659  602  493 
Central Europe - EU Countries 5,693  6,093  4,469 
Sub-total: Western Europe & Central Europe - EU Countries(1)
6,352  6,695  4,962 
Central Europe - Non-EU Countries 2,689  2,842  2,361 
Latin America 1,661  1,927  1,244 
North America 324  348  311 
Asia-Pacific(2)
1,032  38 
Middle East  
Total 12,063  11,853  8,883 
(1)    The increased headcount in Western Europe from 2022 to 2023 includes 69 acquired employees in connection with our acquisition of DEK in June 2023.
(2)        The increased headcount in Asia-Pacific from 2022 to 2023 includes acquired employees in connection with our acquisition of Lexicon in October 2022 (135 employees), Mudbath in May 2023 (112 employees) and DEK in June 2023 (656 employees).

We believe that our people are our most important asset. We provide our employees, whom we call Endavans with training to develop their technical and soft skills, in an environment where they are continually challenged and given opportunities to grow as professionals, and with tools and resources to innovate. We have designed two internal programs – Endava University and “Pass It On” - which are key elements of our training and development framework. Endava University provides classroom-based training and “Pass It On” uses apprenticeship and open sharing so that our people can grow by way of collective experiences and knowledge. Our employees are also assigned career coaches to customize their integration into their respective teams and to help visualize their development and future. Through Endava Innovation Labs and other innovation events, our teams are encouraged to express their creativity in using next-generation technologies to build innovative solutions.

We strive to be one of the leading employers of IT professionals in the regions in which we operate. We locate our delivery locations in countries that not only have abundant IT talent pools, but also offer us an opportunity to be a preferred employer. For example, a majority of our employees are located in Romania, where we have been identified as a top employer in the country for each of the last five years.
We are also involved in initiatives that address social issues and encourage knowledge-sharing beyond our organization in the communities in which we operate. We regularly sponsor technical events and speak at global
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technical and industry-focused conferences. Our largest initiative consists of internship and graduate programs. By supporting local education, we seek to inspire exploration in engineering and technology.
We have built an organization deeply committed to helping people succeed and our culture fosters our core values:
Openness: We are confident in our abilities, our approach and our people, so we are transparent.
Thoughtfulness: We care deeply about the success of our people, our clients and the countries in which we operate.
Adaptability: We embrace change and value differences, enabling us to be successful in complex environments.
C. Organizational Structure
Endava plc is the U.K. holding company of the Endava Group. Endava plc directly owns 100% of the share capital of its significant subsidiaries, as set out in the chart below, and, directly or indirectly, 100% of the share capital of the other Endava group companies. Refer to Note 18 of our consolidated financial statements for a list of all our subsidiaries.

Significant subs .jpg


D. Property, Plant and Equipment.
For a discussion of our facilities, see “Item 4.B—Business Overview—Facilities.”
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
Not applicable.
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. This discussion, particularly information with respect to our future results of operations or financial condition, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, includes forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties as described under the heading “Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” in this Annual Report on Form 20-F. You should review the disclosure
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under the heading “Risk Factors” herein for a discussion of important factors that could cause our actual results to differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements.
Overview
We are a leading next-generation technology services provider and help accelerate disruption by delivering rapid evolution to enterprises. We aid our clients in finding new ways to interact with their customers and users, enabling them to become more engaging, responsive and efficient. Using Distributed Enterprise Agile at scale, we collaborate with our clients, seamlessly integrating with their teams, catalyzing ideation and delivering robust solutions. Our approach to ideation comprises an empathy for user needs, curiosity, creativity and a deep understanding of technologies. From proof of concept, to prototype, to production, we use our engineering expertise to deliver enterprise platforms for our clients that are capable of handling millions of transactions per day. Our people, whom we call Endavans, synthesize creativity, technology and delivery at scale in multi-disciplinary teams, enabling us to support our clients from ideation to production.
Since our founding in 2000, we have expanded from a single office serving clients principally located in the city of London to a global enterprise serving clients across Asia-Pacific, Europe, the Middle East and North America. We provide services from our locations in European Union countries (Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Slovenia and Sweden), non-European Union countries (Bosnia & Herzegovina, Moldova, North Macedonia, Serbia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom), Latin America (Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Uruguay), Asia-Pacific (Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam), North America (Canada and the United States), and the Middle East (United Arab Emirates). As of June 30, 2023, we had 12,063 employees (including directors), approximately 47.2% of whom work in nearshore delivery locations in European Union countries. As of June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we had 12,063, 11,853 and 8,883 employees (including directors), respectively. The breakdown of our employees (including directors) by geography is as follows for the periods presented:

Employees (including directors) by geography As of June 30,
2023 2022 2021
Western Europe(1)
659  602  493 
Central Europe - EU Countries 5,693  6,093  4,469 
Sub-total: Western Europe & Central Europe - EU Countries(1)
6,352  6,695  4,962 
Central Europe - Non-EU Countries 2,689  2,842  2,361 
Latin America 1,661  1,927  1,244 
North America 324  348  311 
Asia-Pacific(2)
1,032  38 
Middle East  
Total 12,063  11,853  8,883 
(1)        The increased headcount in Western Europe from 2022 to 2023 includes 69 acquired employees in connection with our acquisition of DEK in June 2023.
(2)        The increased headcount in Asia-Pacific from 2022 to 2023 includes acquired employees in connection with our acquisition of Lexicon in October 2022 (135 employees), Mudbath in May 2023 (112 employees) and DEK in June 2023 (656 employees).


As of June 30, 2023, we had 711 active clients, which we define as clients who paid us for services over the preceding 12-month period. Mastercard was our largest client during the year ended June 30, 2023, contributing 10.7% of our revenue in the year compared to less than 10% of our revenue in each of the years ended June 30, 2022
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and 2021.We served clients in the geographies and key industry verticals, which are Payments and Financial Services, TMT and Other, as follows for the periods presented (by revenue):

Revenue by geography Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2021
(in thousands)
North America £ 258,112  £ 228,112  £ 140,085 
Europe 182,551  138,005  107,978 
United Kingdom 309,365  270,844  187,045 
RoW 44,705  17,796  11,190 
Total £ 794,733  £ 654,757  £ 446,298 

Revenue by industry vertical Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2021
(in thousands)
Payments and Financial Services £ 416,007  £ 331,842  £ 226,391 
TMT 173,927  163,534  121,045 
Other 204,799  159,381  98,862 
Total £ 794,733  £ 654,757  £ 446,298 
We have achieved significant growth in recent periods. For the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 our revenue was £794.7 million, £654.8 million and £446.3 million, respectively, representing a compound annual growth rate of 33.4% over a three fiscal year period. We generated 38.9%, 41.4% and 41.9% of our revenue for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, respectively, from clients located in the United Kingdom; we generated 23.0%, 21.1% and 24.2% of our revenue in each of those fiscal years, respectively, from clients located in Europe; and we generated 32.5%, 34.8% and 31.4% of our revenue in each of those fiscal years, respectively, from clients located in North America. The balance of revenue in each of those fiscal years comes from clients located in the Rest of World, or RoW. Our revenue growth rate at constant currency, which is a measure that is not calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021 was 16.6%, 47.6% and 29.6%, respectively. Over the last five fiscal years, 90.1% of our annual revenue, on average, came from clients who purchased services from us during the prior fiscal year.
Our profit before taxes was £114.2 million, £102.4 million and £54.4 million for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, and our profit before taxes as a percentage of revenue was 14.4%, 15.6% and 12.2%, respectively, for the same periods.
Our adjusted profit before taxes margin, or Adjusted PBT Margin, which is a measure that is not calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS, was 20.7%, 21.1% and 20.6%, respectively, for the fiscal years ended June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021. See notes 1 and 5 in the section of this Annual Report on Form 20-F titled “Non-IFRS Measures and Other Management Metrics” for a definition of these measures and a reconciliation of revenue growth rate to revenue growth rate at constant currency and profit before taxes to Adjusted PBT, respectively, the most directly comparable financial measures calculated and presented in accordance with IFRS.
Recent Acquisitions
We have in the past pursued and plan to selectively pursue in the future acquisitions focused on augmenting our core capabilities to enhance our expertise in new technologies and industry verticals and increase our geographic reach, while preserving our corporate culture and sustainably managing our growth.
In August 2023, we acquired TLM, a company that provides outsourced development services across design, engineering and art/animation for PC and console video games and other digital entertainment. TLM has particular expertise in highly complex areas of cross-play, middleware, physics, engine-level tools and technical art. TLM
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brings a leadership team with decades of video game industry experience and deep relationships with a wide array of platform partners and with clients in the United States and around the world including prominent games publishers and developers. See note 33 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information on our acquisition of TLM.
In June 2023, we acquired DEK, a multinational firm that develops cutting-edge software solutions across a range of applications, including embedded systems, real-time solutions, telecoms and data communications. DEK was founded in 1999, has 660 operational employees, and is headquartered in Melbourne, Australia with additional offices in Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam and Stockholm, Sweden. DEK’s expertise spans several industry sectors with the most prominent being telecommunications. One of its longstanding clients is one of the world’s largest networking and telecommunication equipment and services companies. Other clients include Australia’s largest telecoms company and a publicly listed artificial intelligence technology company. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information on our acquisition of DEK.

In May 2023, we acquired Mudbath, headquartered in Newcastle, Australia. Mudbath is an Australian-based technology firm specializing in strategy, design and engineering services. Mudbath partners with businesses to build new digital solutions, enhance user experiences and accelerate digital transformation programs across enterprise systems, web and mobile products using their proven agile delivery methodology. Mudbath’s clients span broad industry verticals, including retail, mining (and adjacent activities including rail and tools), health, insurance, banking and travel. Mudbath’s employees are based primarily in Newcastle, Sydney and Melbourne, Australia. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information on our acquisition of Mudbath.
In October 2022, we acquired Lexicon, headquartered in Melbourne, Australia. Lexicon is an Australian-based technology consulting, design and engineering firm who partners with clients to build new digital solutions or accelerate digital transformation programs across enterprise systems, products and IoT using an agile delivery methodology. The acquisition of Lexicon enhances our existing presence in Australia and provides a strong foundation for accelerated in-market growth. It also provides us with a nearshore delivery location in Vietnam, which complements our existing operations in Singapore and Malaysia. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information on our acquisition of Lexicon.
In February 2022, we acquired BAC, a U.K.-based insurance software implementation specialist. The combination of BAC’s modern insurance platform expertise, combined with our broader technology capabilities and scale, creates a compelling proposition to capture transformative opportunities. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information on our acquisition of BAC.
In March 2021, we completed the acquisition of Levvel, headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina. Levvel is an award-winning U.S. technology strategy, consulting and engineering firm focused on helping companies create sophisticated technology through human-centered problem-solving, rooted in deep industry expertise. Levvel brought to us the full suite of business domain knowledge, design prowess, and technical expertise to enable us to create success for clients across the entire project lifecycle. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information on our acquisition of Levvel.
In March 2021, we acquired Five, based in Brooklyn, New York and Croatia. With this acquisition, we increased our capacity in the ideation, design and delivery of intelligent digital experiences and enhanced our capabilities in digital product strategy and performance optimization services. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information on our acquisition of Five.
In August 2020, we completed the acquisition of CDS by acquiring the total issued share capital of Comtrade CDS, digitalne storitve, d.o.o., a company registered in Slovenia, and Comtrade Digital Services d.o.o., a company registered in Serbia. With this acquisition, Endava reinforced its presence in South Eastern Europe with more teams
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who reimagine the relationship between people and technology. See note 15 to our consolidated financial statements appearing elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 20-F for further information on our acquisition of CDS.
Key Factors Affecting Our Performance
We believe that the key factors affecting our performance and results of operations include our ability to:
Expand Relationships with Existing Clients
We are focused on continuing to expand our relationships with existing clients by helping them solve new problems and become more engaging, responsive and efficient. We have a demonstrated track record of expanding our work with clients after an initial engagement. In the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, the number of clients that have a minimum annual spend with us of at least £1.0 million has grown to 146 from 134 and the average spend of our 10 largest clients was £26.0 million in the fiscal year 2023 and £22.2 million in the fiscal year 2022. Our ability to increase sales to existing clients will depend on a number of factors, including the level of clients’ satisfaction with our services, changes in clients’ strategic priorities, changes in key client personnel or strategic transactions involving clients, pricing, competition and overall economic conditions.
Add New Clients across Industry Verticals and Geographies
As of June 30, 2023, 2022 and 2021, we had 711, 732 and 615 active clients, respectively. The number of clients in the fiscal year 2023 decreased compared to fiscal year 2022, primarily due to lower levels of short term private equity due diligence engagements, with new deal activity being very subdued. Whilst we saw some limited churn outside of this area, we believe that we have a significant opportunity to add new clients in our existing core verticals and geographies, and to expand our client base to new verticals and geographies.

We have established ourselves as a leader in delivering end-to-end ideation-to-production services in the Payments and Financial Services and TMT verticals. Clients in the Payments and Financial Services vertical contributed to 52.3% and 50.7% of our total revenue in the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, respectively. Clients in the TMT vertical contributed 21.9% and 25.0% of our total revenue in the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, respectively. Clients in other verticals contributed 25.8% and 24.3% of our total revenue in the 2023 and 2022 fiscal years, respectively. We believe that we continue to have a significant untapped opportunity in these sectors and we plan to leverage this experience to expand our vertical reach.
Attract, Retain and Efficiently Utilize Talent
We believe that our people are our most important asset. We grew our average operational headcount by 14.5% in the 2023 fiscal year and 36.7% in the 2022 fiscal year. We provide Endavans with training to develop their technical and soft skills in an environment where they are continually challenged and given opportunities to grow as professionals, and with tools and resources to innovate. However, there is significant competition for technology professionals in the geographic regions in which we have delivery locations and we expect that such competition is likely to continue for the foreseeable future. Further, in order to maintain our gross margin, we must maintain favorable utilization rates among our existing IT professionals, which depends on our ability to integrate and train new employees, efficiently transition employees from completed projects to new assignments, forecast demand for our services, deploy employees with appropriate skills and seniority to projects and manage employee attrition rates. The employee attrition rate is monitored throughout the year, with a target of being lower than 15% on a rolling 12-month basis. At the end of fiscal year 2023 attrition rate was 11.4% compared to 12.7% at the end of fiscal year 2022.

Expand Our Nearshore Delivery Capacity
We believe that Distributed Enterprise Agile at scale requires that we have teams based in locations with similar time zones to those of our clients since our delivery teams are in constant dialogue and interaction with our clients. While we believe that we have sufficient delivery location capacity to address our near-term needs and opportunities, as we continue to expand our relationships with existing clients and attract new clients, we will need to expand our teams at existing delivery locations and open new delivery locations in nearshore locations with an
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abundance of technical talent. However, we compete for talented individuals not only with other companies in our industry, but also with companies in other industries, and there is a limited pool of individuals who have the skills and training needed to help us grow.
Continue to Innovate
We believe that our creative skills, deep digital technical engineering capabilities and leadership in next-generation technologies have allowed us to grow our business and maintain favorable gross margins. Sustaining our competitive differentiation will depend on our ability to continue to innovate and remain at the forefront of emerging technology trends.
Non-IFRS Measures and Management Metrics
We regularly monitor a number of financial and operating metrics to evaluate our business, measure our performance, identify trends affecting our business, formulate financial projections and make strategic decisions. Our management metrics may be calculated in a different manner than similarly titled metrics used by other companies.

Fiscal Year Ended June 30,
2023 2022 2021
(pounds in thousands)
Revenue growth rate at constant currency(1)
16.6  %